Skip to main content
Search using this query type:
Keyword
Boolean
Exact match
Search only these record types:
Item
File
Collection
Advanced Search (Items only)
Click here for advanced search options
Browse Items
Browse Collections
Oral History Gallery
Browse Items
Browse Collections
Oral History Gallery
Browse Items (2 total)
Browse All
Browse by Tag
Search Items
Collection: UIC-JASC papers
Sort by:
Title
Creator
Date Added
Final Report of Special Study Committee, December 15, 1961
Progress Report, 1947
Output Formats
atom
,
csv
,
dcmes-xml
,
json
,
omeka-xml
,
rss2
Refine search
Text
Select...
C committee reports; and various other data per taining to the Japanese in Chicago, such as a listing of var io1.+s organizations in the Japanese community. A library-information cent�r of this nature would serve several functions: l) a,Fi a means for leisurely reading for the Japanese reading segment of the population. Euch ma terial would serve a further function for this group, i.e., 34 as a means of reinforcing their kinship with more tradi- tional Japanese mode,s of esthetic expressions; 2) as a source for various individuals, both Japanese and non Japanese, who wish to inquire about some aspect of Japanese culture 1 or the Japanese in America for research, term paper or esthetic reasons; and 3) as a means for staff use and development o � ocial Recrcationa! Prog�m It is recommenc:ed that the agency establish a lounge area conducive to more esthetic and leisurely exchange of social contacts and so designed that it could also be used as a meeting place. It is also recommended that the JASC seriously ex plore the possibilities of offering a daytime social-recreational program for the Issei between Monday and Friday. Day time social activities f 01� the Isseis during mid-week are prac tically non-existent in the city, most of them occurring during the evenings E.nd on weekdays and on week ends. It is felt that such a cocial-recreational program should be de signed to provide enjoyment of more traditional Japanese socializations for the Issei. The various Japanese periodicals in the library--information center might readily complement such a program. Movies of Japan, recordings of Japanese music and the serving o:f Japanese delicacies might also con tribute to a meaningft�l body of pleasant experiences giving support to their most comfortable, accustomed modes of social enjoyment. Public Relations In view of tho 2.bDc:1.ce of any organized public relations program with the Nisei community for the past six .years, it is stron[::;ly urGcd that a wen. planned public relations program be immediately revived. Th�s is of special importance be cauce of the increa:::;ing need for their potential support of the JASC due to diminishing contributions from the Isseis. Also, the Niseis are presently in a far better position economically than their Isse� counte:r·part. More active utilization of the services of the JASC should also be encouraged. It appears to be a particularly opportune time to re-establish the public rela tions program with the Nisei in view of the new programs being recommended by the E. tudy Committee. The latter afford an opportunity to rebuild the public image. of the JASC as a vital organization, prepared to serve the pre sent day needs of the Japanese American community and offset the impression some people have had of it as being somewhat questionably in existence since the relocation phase has long been a thing of the past. There is also the notion that the JAEC is an Issei organization, run by them and for them, which has in some ways inhibited greater Nisei support. It is recommended that the agency consider the fol lowing means of strengthening the public relations program : 1) Publish an agency brochure depicting the work of the JASC. 2) Publish a quarterly publication of an agency bulletin. 3) Publish an annual report. 4) Establish an annual, major fund raising special event specifically geared toward the Nisei. 5) More actively solicit Nisei members, .particularly through personal contacts. Administration In order to maximally implement the above recommenda tions, and the philosophy of service that they represent, it is clearly recognized that the agency would require the serv ices of a full-time administrator. The study unquestionably concludes that the present D,irector is altogether too burdened with a wide range of duties. As a consequence, the agency has suffered, particularly in the administration of it. In 36 his efforts to maintain his various duties, the present Director has frequently worked to the point of exhaustion. Also, because of these circumstances, the Director has not been allowed to develop new programs in keeping with current needs. If the E:tudy Committee recommendations are to be seriously carried through, they suggest that the future staff organization should limit the range of functions per formed by a given person to more specific areas and levels of competence. The present Director has shown himself to be especially effective in working with the Isseis and Japanese brides. This is partially due to the fact that he is bilingual and possesses sensitivity to both Japanese and American cultures. It is hoped that the present Director can be relieved of his administrative functions so that he can continue working with the Japanese speaking population as he has, and in addition direct the newly ;proposed programs for the Isseis. The Study Committee recommends that the adminis trator be paid within a salary range of $7 ,,000-$9,000 so as to give assurance that there is a likelihood of securing It is also recommended and retaining a well qualified person. that the administrator, preferably, possesses a master's degree in social work or some allied field pertaining to human relations. It is desirable that he possess some supervisory The dutie� of the administrator are seen as experience, follows: 1) assume responsibility for the total operation of the agency; 2) supervision of staff; 3) development of programs; 4) participation in fund raising and public rela tions activities; and 5) prepare the annual budget of the agency. It is strongly recommended that the agency closely examine its method o:f recording service activities, parti cularly with refere.nc e. to individuals receiving counseling, welfare and employment services. In these instances more 37 complet8 information about the client as well as a des criptive record of contacts should be included in a record of some standard form. Such information as how the client came to JAE C, his presenting problem, previous contacts and how the problem situation is and/or was handled, are seen as meaningful areas of description. More systematic record keeping is needed to provide information on the basis of which: 1) the history of con tacts with a given client may more quickly and accurately be perceived; 2) a more accurate statistical picture of the range and pattern of problems being seen at JASC can be easily compiled; and 3) periodic assessment of the agency's program can be more readily made when needed. Eince only a limited body of systematically recorded data were available to the study group, forms had to be specially constructed to secure pertinent kinds of information which would lend themselves to meaningful interpretation. This was an extremely time consuming procedure since a repre sentative sampling of cases was necessary over a period of time. More adequate recording is also seen as facilitating economical and reliable transmission of relevant information on given clknts betwec:;:i present staff members, between present c:-nd additional staff and between present and future staff. B card of Directors The 2.gency is urged to assess its present board struc ture and: and functioning. Of a total number of close to SO members roughly a third c.ppear to be active in some sustained form. Of those who appear to be active, long-term respon sibilities ai-c no·t, tn most instances, clearly delineated. Mapy of the stated positions, such as committee chairmen, seem to possess hcnor�ry connotations rather than functional, working roles. At the ti:ne of the study no real working committee appeared to be currently functioning in a manner giving evidence of a continuing process. 38 Although the agcncy1 s by-laws state a board member's term as ono year, in actual practice the term of office is of indefinite dura.tion. It is felt that this practice con tribu te3 to the problem of maintaining inactive board mem bers indefinitely and docs little to invite "new blood" into the board. It is tho ref ore recommended that the agency examine its board ctructure and functioning closely, with particular attention to development of a more functional board. This is not to n.ltoGother deny the value of honorary positions for given mcmbc::.."3, particularly in instances where these members give substantial financial·.support to the agency. It is ougge3tod· tha,c more specific responsibilities be assign�d to board members and that special effort be made to invite greater engagement of members on a more sustained, working foundation. In view of ·the fo:."egoing program recommendations prcu viously cut!:.nc:d, it is clear that the nature of the board ,;-;rill pl2.7 a very critical role in determining how the rccommen da'..::ionG ·, ,-·•:. r'. t�:.o •I'J.t·_:r0 total body of thinking - will be ultim2..tcly directed. 39 " data-url="/omeka/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=1&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=JAPANESE+AMERICAN+SERVICE+COMMITTEE%0D%0AlllO+North+LaSalle+St.%0D%0AChicago+10+%2C+Illinois%0D%0A%0D%0AFINAL+REPORT%0D%0AOF%0D%0ASPECIAL+STUDY+COMMITTEE%0D%0A%0D%0ADaniel+K.+Kil.zuhara%2C+Chairman%0D%0AJanet+P.+Murray%2C+Consultant%0D%0A%0D%0ADecember+15%2C+1961%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CAC%3AKNOWI.EDGMENT%0D%0AThe+Japanese+American+Service+Committee%0D%0Awishes+to+gratefully+acknowledge+the+%243800+grant%0D%0Aby+the+Chicago+Community+Trust+which+made+the%0D%0Astudy+and+publication+possible.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CThe+Japanese+American+E.ervice+Com%C2%AD%0D%0Amittee+is+a+non-profit+organization+which+is%0D%0Aa+member+of+the+Welfare+Council+of+Metro%C2%AD%0D%0Apolitan+Chicago+and+is+endorsed+by+the%0D%0AAssociation+of+Commerce+and+Industry.%0D%0AIt+is+supported+through+membership%0D%0Adues+and+general+contributions+from+the%0D%0Acommunity%2C+Community+Fund%2C+Chicago+City%0D%0AMissionary+E.+ociety+and+the+Chicago+Commu%C2%AD%0D%0Anity+Trust.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CSPECIAL+STUDY+COMMITTEE%0D%0ADaniel+K.+Kuzuhara%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommunity+Survey+Subcommittee+--+Toshiko+Misaki%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACorrmittee+Members%3A%0D%0ATerry+Akagi%0D%0APaul+Ase%0D%0AJiei+Nakama%0D%0AJoe+Takehara%0D%0AHank+Tanabe%0D%0AHana+Tani%0D%0AEducation+Subcommittee--Ruth+Kumata%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommittee+Members%3A%0D%0ANancy+Kurotsuchi%0D%0ARuby+Nakagawa%0D%0AFred+Okita%0D%0AFrank+Kajikawa%0D%0APublic+Relations+Subcommittee+--+Betty+Kanameishi%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommittee+Members%3A%0D%0AHana+Eejima%0D%0ATom+Mura%0D%0ASocial-Recreation+Subcommittee+--+Lillian+Kimura%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommittee+Members%3A%0D%0AMary+Sabusawa%0D%0ATom+Teraji%0D%0AKiyo+Yoshimura%0D%0ASocial+Welfare+Subcommittee+--+Rev.+S.+Mchael+Yasutake%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommittee+Members%3A%0D%0A%21Yhry+Koga%0D%0AHelen+Mukoyama%0D%0AVocational+%26+Employment+Subcommittee+--+Yoji+Ozaki%2C+Chairman%0D%0ACommittee+Members%3A%0D%0AKatherine+Ase%0D%0APat+Matsumoto%0D%0AWays+and+Means+Subcommittee+--+Richard+Yamada%2C+Chairman%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CISSEI+ADVISORY+COMMITTEE%0D%0AKohachiro+Sugimoto%0D%0ABunji+Takano%0D%0AHarry+Tanaka%0D%0AEnjiro+Watanabe%0D%0A%0D%0AGeorge+K.+Kittaka%2C+Chairman%0D%0AMieki+Hayano%0D%0ATomonao+Iino%0D%0AYutaka+Kanemoto%0D%0AEizo+Nishi%0D%0A%0D%0ABOARD+OF+DIRECTORS+-%0D%0A%0D%0A1959-60%0D%0A%0D%0APresident%3A+Abe+Hagiwara%0D%0AVice+Presidents%3A+Daniel+K.+Kuzuhara%2C+Kohachiro+Sugimoto%2C%0D%0ABunji+Takano%2C+George+Teraoka%0D%0ATreasurers%3A%0D%0ASecretary%3A%0D%0AAuditors%3A%0D%0AEx-Officio%3A%0D%0A%0D%0ATadaichi+Okuhara%2C+Enjiro+Watanabe%0D%0ARuth+Kumata%0D%0A%0D%0AGeorge+K.+Kittaka%2C+Eizo+Nishi%2C+Harry+Yoshie+Tanaka%0D%0ANoboru+Honda%2C+Thomas+Masuda%2C+Harry+Mayeda%0D%0ARichard+H.+Yamada%0D%0A%0D%0AExecutive+Director%3A%0D%0A%0D%0AKenji+Nakane%0D%0A%0D%0AAssistant+to+Director%3A%0D%0A%0D%0AParuko+Kanemoto%0D%0A%0D%0ABOARD+MEMBERS%0D%0APaul+Ase%0D%0ADr.+Ben+T.+Chikaraishi%0D%0ATomi+Domoto%0D%0AHarvard+Fujiwara%0D%0AJisei+Fukuda%0D%0AKitty+Gottfried%0D%0AYukio+Hashiguchi%0D%0AMiyeki+Hayano%0D%0ATorao+Hidaka%0D%0ACharles+Hiura%0D%0AHelen+Hori%0D%0AJunzo+Ideno%0D%0ATomonao+Iino%0D%0AKiyoshl+Joichi%0D%0AChiye+Kagami%0D%0AFrank+Kajikawa%0D%0A%0D%0ABetty+Kanameishi%0D%0AYutaka+Kanemoto%0D%0AYoshikazu+Kawaguchi%0D%0ALillian+Kimura%0D%0AMary+Koga%0D%0AKoichi+Matsumoto%0D%0AToshiko+Misaki%0D%0AEdward+Morioka%0D%0AHelen+Mukoyama%0D%0AYoriaki+Nakagawa%0D%0ATakaharu+Nishi%0D%0ARyozo+Ogura%0D%0APaul+Otake%0D%0AYoji+Ozaki%0D%0ASmoky+Sakurada%0D%0AYuzo+Shibayama%0D%0A%28cont.%29%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CBoard+Members%0D%0A%0D%0A%28cont.%0D%0A%0D%0A%29%0D%0A%0D%0ATom+ejir+o+Ehigetome%0D%0AMannosuke+E+hirais+i%0D%0Ah%0D%0AMa+r+y+Eonoda%0D%0AFran+k+Takahas%0D%0Ahi%0D%0A%0D%0ATaisuk%0D%0Ao%0D%0A%0D%0Ae+Ta%0D%0A%0D%0Ak%0D%0A%0D%0Aa%0D%0A%0D%0Aas+i%0D%0Ah%0D%0A%0D%0Ah%0D%0A%0D%0AT+g+r%0D%0AJu+n%0D%0Au%0D%0Ai%0D%0Aa%0D%0AJiro%0D%0AY+magu+c+h%0D%0AR+v%0D%0Ae+.%0D%0AE+%E2%80%A2%0D%0AMic+ha+i+e+Y+s+t%0D%0Aa+u+ake%0D%0Al%0D%0A%0D%0ABOARD+OF+DIRECTOR%0D%0A%0D%0AS%0D%0A%0D%0A196%0D%0A%0D%0A-%0D%0A%0D%0A0-6%0D%0A%0D%0A1%0D%0A%0D%0APresident%3A%0D%0ADaniel+K.%0D%0AKuzuhara%0D%0AVic+e+Presidents%3A%0D%0ADr.%0D%0AEen%0D%0AChika%0D%0Arais+hi%0D%0AGeorge%0D%0A%2C%0D%0AToshik+o+Mis+ak%0D%0APun%0D%0ATa+k%0D%0Aa+no%0D%0Ai%0D%0Ai+%2C%0D%0Aj%0D%0ATomonao%0D%0A%0D%0ATreasurers%3A%0D%0AE+ecretar%0D%0AAuditors%3A%0D%0A%0D%0Ay%0D%0A%0D%0A%3A%0D%0A%0D%0ARut%0D%0AEizo%0D%0A%0D%0Ah%0D%0A%0D%0ATadai+ch%0D%0A%0D%0AIino%2C%0D%0A%0D%0AOk%0D%0A%0D%0Ai%0D%0A%0D%0Au%0D%0A%0D%0Ah%0D%0A%0D%0AK.%0D%0A%0D%0AK+ittaka%2C%0D%0A%0D%0Aa+a%0D%0Ar%0D%0A%0D%0AKumata%0D%0A%0D%0ANishi%2C%0D%0A%0D%0AHarr%0D%0A%0D%0Ay%0D%0A%0D%0AYoshie%0D%0A%0D%0AT+n+aka%0D%0Aa%0D%0A%2C%0D%0A%0D%0ABOARD+MEMBERS%0D%0A%0D%0A%28Additions+to%0D%0A%0D%0A195+9-6%0D%0A0%0D%0A%0D%0ABa%0D%0Ao+r%0D%0A%0D%0AHiroshi+May+ed+a%0D%0Aeo%0D%0AWa+kama+ts%0D%0A%0D%0AShig%0D%0A%0D%0Au%0D%0A%0D%0Ad%0D%0A%0D%0ALi%0D%0A%0D%0As%0D%0A%0D%0AG%0D%0A%0D%0Aeo%0D%0A%0D%0Atin%0D%0A%0D%0Ag%0D%0A%0D%0A%29%0D%0A%0D%0Ar%0D%0A%0D%0Age%0D%0A%0D%0AT%0D%0A%0D%0Aer+a%0D%0Aoka%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CADVISORY%0D%0A%0D%0ARev.%0D%0A%0D%0AAk%0D%0Ai%0D%0AEallar%0D%0ARusse%0D%0AW.%0D%0Ad%0D%0All%0D%0AHelen%0D%0AP.%0D%0AEu%0D%0All%0D%0A%0D%0AEar%0D%0A%0D%0ADr.%0D%0A%0D%0Al%0D%0A%0D%0ADr.%0D%0A%0D%0ARev.%0D%0A%0D%0AGeor+g%0D%0A%0D%0AEOARD%0D%0A%0D%0AE.%0D%0A%0D%0ADickerson%0D%0A%0D%0AMelville%0D%0A%0D%0AJ.%0D%0A%0D%0AKitagawa%0D%0A%0D%0AJoe%0D%0A%0D%0AChiak%0D%0Ai%0D%0A%0D%0ALeo%0D%0A%0D%0ALerner%0D%0AMrs.%0D%0AEmile%0D%0ARobert%0D%0AJudge%0D%0A%0D%0AGeorg+e%0D%0AJudge%0D%0A%0D%0ADr.%0D%0A%0D%0AW.%0D%0A%0D%0ALevy%0D%0A%0D%0AMerriam%0D%0A%0D%0AE.%0D%0A%0D%0AMcKibben%0D%0A%0D%0AMcGoort%0D%0A%0D%0AP.%0D%0A%0D%0ACurtiss%0D%0A%0D%0AGeorg+e%0D%0A%0D%0AEdward%0D%0A%0D%0AW.%0D%0A%0D%0AL.%0D%0A%0D%0AJ.%0D%0A%0D%0AStewart%0D%0A%0D%0ARev.%0D%0A%0D%0AAlva%0D%0A%0D%0AJohn%0D%0A%0D%0AH.%0D%0A%0D%0AMrs.%0D%0A%0D%0AKuzuhara%0D%0A%0D%0AE.%0D%0A%0D%0AJohn%0D%0A%0D%0AEllis%0D%0A%0D%0AFalls%0D%0AHerskovit%0D%0A%0D%0AG.%0D%0A%0D%0AArthur%0D%0A%0D%0ARev.%0D%0A%0D%0ADean%0D%0A%0D%0Ae%0D%0A%0D%0AJohn%0D%0A%0D%0AReese%0D%0A%0D%0AQuilic%0D%0Ai%0D%0ASparling%0D%0A%0D%0ATompkins%0D%0AH.%0D%0A%0D%0AWeddell%0D%0A%0D%0AWeddell%0D%0A%0D%0Ay%0D%0A%0D%0As%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CTABLE+OF%0D%0A%0D%0ACONTENTS%0D%0A%0D%0APART%0D%0A%0D%0AII%0D%0APage%0D%0A%0D%0AThe%0D%0A%0D%0AJAE.+C%0D%0A%0D%0AThe%0D%0A%0D%0AJAE+C+As+E+een+by+the%0D%0AAmerican+Community%0D%0A%0D%0AThe%0D%0A%0D%0Ain%0D%0A%0D%0ARelation%0D%0A%0D%0Ato%0D%0A%0D%0Athe%0D%0A%0D%0ACommunity%0D%0A%0D%0AJapanese%0D%0A6%0D%0A%0D%0AJAE+C+As+E+een+by+Non+-Japanese%0D%0Aganizations+and+Agencies%0D%0A%0D%0APART%0D%0A%0D%0ACONCLUSIONS+AND%0D%0APresent%0D%0A%0D%0Al%0D%0A%0D%0AOr%C2%AD%0D%0A14%0D%0A%0D%0AIII%0D%0A%0D%0ARECO%3AtvMENDATIONS%0D%0A%0D%0APicture+-%0D%0A%0D%0A17%0D%0A%0D%0AUnmet+Needs%0D%0A%0D%0A23%0D%0A%0D%0AChanging+Role+-%0D%0A%0D%0A28%0D%0A%0D%0ARecommendations+for+Future+Program%0D%0A%0D%0A29%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CPART+II%0D%0ATHE+.JASC+IN+RELATION%0D%0ATO+THE+COMMUNITY%0D%0AThe+second+part+of+the+study+was+designed+to+assess+the%0D%0Aattitudes+of+Japanese+Americans+and+representatives+of+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganizations+%28both+Japanese+and+non-Japanese%29+toward+the%0D%0AJapanese+American+Eervice+Committee+in+terms+of+the+need%0D%0Afor+its+services%3B+and+to+explore+the+programs+of+other+agencies%0D%0Aand+organizations+to+deterrr%3Aine+whether+there+are+other+re%C2%AD%0D%0Asources+which+could+as+effectively+serve+the+people+now+coming%0D%0Ato+the+agency.%0D%0AThis+involved+the+fallowing+steps%3A%0D%0A1.%0D%0A%0D%0AA+survey+of+12+organizations+serving+Japanese%0D%0AAmericans%2C+conducted+by+members+of+the+Study%0D%0ACommittee.%0D%0A%0D%0A2.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterviews+by+the+consultant+with+14+key+persons+in+the%0D%0AJapanese+American+community.%0D%0A%0D%0A3.%0D%0A%0D%0AInterviews+by+the+consultant+%22tArith+staff+members%0D%0Aof+12+%C2%B7+non-Japanese+social+agencies+%E2%80%A2.%0D%0A%0D%0ADivision+of+Responsibilities%0D%0ATo+fully+understand+the+findings+from+the+survey+and+the%0D%0Ainterviews+with+individuals%2C+it+is+necessary+to+know+the+thinking%0D%0Athat+went+into+the+establishment+of+the+JAE%2C.C+and+how+it%0D%0Adiffers+from+three+other+organizations--the+Japanese+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acan+Citizens+League+%28commonly+known+as+the+%22JACL%22%29%2C+the%0D%0AJapanese+Mltual+Aid+Society+of+Chicago+%28usually+called%0D%0A%22Mutual+Aid%22%29+%2C+and+the+Japanese+American+Council+%28the%0D%0AThere+is+a+clear-cut+division+of+respon%22JA+Council+11%29+%E2%80%A2%0D%0Asibility+between+these+organizations.%0D%0AThe+Japanese+American+Citizens+League+is+a+national%0D%0Aorganization+established+in+1930+by+American+citizens+of+Japanese%0D%0Adescent+to+promote+the+welfare+of+Japanese+Americans.%0D%0AIt+is%0D%0AFor+many+years%0D%0Aa+civic%2C+social+and+educational+organization.%0D%0Ait+carried+on+an+intensive+pubJic+relations+and+social+action+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agram+to+correct+many+of+the+discriminatory+features+contained%0D%0Ain+our+federal+immigration+and+naturalization+laws.%0D%0AThrough%0D%0Aits+program+and+activities+members+were+encouraged+to%0D%0Aexercise+their+civic+and+%C2%B7%C2%B7community+responsibilities+within+the%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CJapanese+group%2C+and+in+the+community+at+large+the+mem%C2%AD%0D%0Abers+promoted+better+understanding+of+Americans+of%0D%0AJapanese+ancestry.%0D%0AThe+Mdwest+Regional+Office+of+the+JACL+is+located+in%0D%0AChicago%2C+and+until+1952+had+a+full-time+director+and+secretary%0D%0Aon+its+staff.%0D%0ASince+1952+the+office+has+been+maintained%0D%0Aby+a+full-time+secretary.%0D%0AThe+regional+office+serves+eight%0D%0Achapters+located+in+Illinois%2C+Michigan%2C+Minnesota%2C+Ohio+and%0D%0AWisconsin%2C+comprising+the+Midwest+District+Council.%0D%0AThe+Chicago+chapter+maintains+its+headquarters+in+the%0D%0Aregional+office%2C+but+has+no+staff.%0D%0AIts+entire+program+is%0D%0AThe+Issei+-+until+1952+when+they%0D%0Acarried+out+by+volunteers.%0D%0Abecame+eligible+for+American+citizenship+-+were+not+able+to%0D%0Ajoin+the+JACL%2C+which+required+its+members+to+be+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acan+citizens.%0D%0ASome+Issei+are+now+members%2C+but+the+leader%C2%AD%0D%0Aship+is+Nisei.%0D%0AThe+lines+of+responsibility+between+the+JASC+and+JACL%0D%0Aare+clearly+defined.%0D%0AWhile+the+regional+JACL+lists+services+as%0D%0Areferrals+on+employment%2C+housing%2C+naturalization+and+immigra%C2%AD%0D%0Ation%2C+in+practice+most+requests+for+these+services+are+re%C2%AD%0D%0Aferred+to+the+JASC+where+there+is+staff+to+handle+these%0D%0Aproblems.%0D%0AHowever%2C+incidents+and+problems+of+discrimination%0D%0Aare+usually+referred+to+the+local+JACL.%0D%0AThe+naturalization%0D%0Aclasses+conducted+at+the+JASC+have+been+jointly+sponsored%0D%0Aby+the+JACL+and+JASC.%0D%0AThe+Ml.tual+Aid+Society+is+responsible+for+securing%0D%0Aburial+plots+%28+ther%EF%BF%BDs+still+discrimination+against+orientals%29+and%0D%0Amaking+funeral+arrangements+for+deceased+individuals+without%0D%0Asurviving+relatives.%0D%0AThis+work%2C+carried+on+by+volunteers%2C+is%0D%0Afinanced+by+individual+membership+contributions.%0D%0AThere+is+a%0D%0Aclose+working+relationship+between+Mutual+Aid+and+the+JASC.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+Japanese+American+Council+was+set+up+to+provide%0D%0Aa+channel+through+which+community-wide+projects+that+require%0D%0Athe+coordination+or+cooperation+of+all+Japanese+American+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganizations+could+be+organized.%0D%0AIt+is+somewhat+loosely+made%0D%0Aup+of+the+representatives+of+42+organizations.%0D%0AIt+meets+on%0D%0A%0D%0A2%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Ccall.%0D%0AIt+has+no+staff%2C+and+looks+to+JASC+to+furnish%0D%0Astaff+services+to+implement+its+projects.%0D%0AThe+director%0D%0Aof+JASC+frequently+is+asked+to+handle+much+of+the+me%C2%AD%0D%0Achanisms+of+programming.%0D%0AIn+effect%2C+he+staffs+the+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Ajects+and+the+office+does+the+secretarial+work+required.%0D%0AThis+division+of+responsibility+between+these+four+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganizations+is+not+accidental.%0D%0AIt+has+been+developed+de%C2%AD%0D%0Aliberately+along+functional+lines+which+are+best+adapted+to%0D%0Ameet+the+varying+needs+of+the+Japanese+American+commu%C2%AD%0D%0Anity+here+in+Chicago.%0D%0AThe+pattern+is+quite+different%0D%0Afrom+that+of+Japanese+communities+in+other+cities.%0D%0AIn+1943%2C+when+the+leaders+saw+that+an+intensive%0D%0Aprogram+must+be+set+up+to+assist+families+pouring+into%0D%0Athe+Chicago+area+from+the+wartime+relocation+centers%2C%0D%0AJACL%2C+being+the+only+existing+Japanese+American+organi%C2%AD%0D%0Azation%2C+accepted+the+responsibility+for+the+program+and%0D%0Afor+a+period+of+time%2C+cooperating+with+the+War+Relocation%0D%0AOffice%2C+assisted+resettlers+find+housing%2C+jobs+and+friends.%0D%0AThe+Chicago+Buddhist+Church+assisted+many+persons+in+the%0D%0Asame+way+during+this+time.%0D%0AWhen+it+became+apparent+that+the+need+and+demand%0D%0Afor+services+were+not+adequately+being+provided+by+the%0D%0Aexisting+organizations%2A+a+group+of+concerned+individuals%2C%0D%0Acitizens+and+non-citizens+%2C+from+within+and+outside+the%0D%0AJapanese+community%2C+organized+itself+to+plan+for+the+social%0D%0Awelfare+of+the+resettlers+which+eventually+exceeded+25%2C000.%0D%0A%0D%0A%2A%0D%0A%0D%0ACoupled+by+the+fa.ct+that+there+was+some+serious+ques%C2%AD%0D%0Ation+regarding+JACL%27s+ability+to+reach+and+serve+all%0D%0AJapanese+c.rising+out+of+two+unfortunate+stigmas+it%0D%0Awas+then+carrying+as+an+organization%2C+namely+the+feeling%0D%0Aof+rejection+or+resentment+among+Issei+due+to+JACL%27s%0D%0Amembership+policy+which+excludes+non-citizens%2C+and+a+tragic%0D%0Amisunderstanding+which+developed+prior+to+evacuation%0D%0Aaround+which+many+people+placed+the+responsibility+and%0D%0Ablame+for+the+evacuation+and+relocation+on+the+JACL.%0D%0A%0D%0A3%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CThe+organizers+saw+a+need+for+a+non-partisan%0D%0Aagency+not+identified+with+any+one+group+or+any+of+the%0D%0Apreviously+established+organizations.%0D%0AThe+board+of+the+new+organization%2C+then+known+as%0D%0Athe+Chicago+Resettlers+Committee%2C+was+composed+of+both%0D%0AIssei+and+Nisei.+For+the+first+time+both+generations+sat%0D%0Adown+together+to+plan+for+the+welfare+of+their+own%0D%0Apeople%2C+supported+by+an+advisory+board+composed+of+Chi%C2%AD%0D%0AThe+board+members%0D%0Acago%27s+leading+and+prominent+citizens.%0D%0Awere+drawn+from+different+groups+to+assure+a+broad%0D%0Across-section+of+thinking+and+point+of+view%2C+but+they%0D%0Aserved+on+the+boa%3Ard+as+.%3B.ndividuals+%EF%BF%BD+not%C2%B7+as+official+rep..%3B%0D%0Aresentatives+of+their+groups.%0D%0AThe+strength+of+the+board%0D%0Ahas+been+equally+divided+between+the+Issei+and+Nisei+to%0D%0AThis+unwritten+policy+has+been+main%C2%AD%0D%0Aassure+cooperation.%0D%0Atained+to+this.+day.%0D%0AThis+arrangement+contributed+greatly%0D%0Atoward+maintaining+communication+between+the+agency+and%0D%0Athe+two+communities%2C+the+Japanese+and+the+public+at%0D%0Alarge.%0D%0AMmy+of+the+social%2C+recreational+and+educational%0D%0Agroups+organized+by+JASC+are+now+either+affiliate%0D%0AThese%0D%0Agroups+or+completely+autonomous+organizations.%0D%0Agroups+have+appointed+official+representatives+to+sit+in%0D%0Aon+board+meetings+to+maintain+the+group%27s+relationship%0D%0Ato+the+parent+organization+%28i.e.+The+Society+of+Fine%0D%0AArts%2C+Hawaiian+Club%2C+Cosmo+Club%29.%0D%0AIt+was+realized+that+there+were+times+when+official+representatives+of+organizations+should+be+called%0D%0Atogether+in+order+to+work+on+community-wide+projects.%0D%0AIn+some+instances+the+purpose+was+to+coordinate+the%0D%0Ajoint+efforts+of+these+organizations%2C+and+in+others%2C+to%0D%0Aseek+their+cooperation.%0D%0AHaving+carefully+established+JASC%0D%0Awithout+official+ties+or+responsibility+to+other+organi%C2%AD%0D%0Azations%2C+the+leaders+did+not+want+to+upset+the+independent%0D%0Astatus+of+JASC+by+having+it+take+on+this+different%0D%0Afunction.+It+was+felt+wiser+to+set+up+the+Japanese%0D%0AAmerican+Council%2C+of+which+JASC+would+be+a+member.%0D%0ASometimes+the+projects+are+sponsored+by+the+Council%2C+at%0D%0Aother+times+special+committees+are+appointed+and+the%0D%0Aproject+is+carried+out+under+the+name+of+the+project+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amittee.+Whatever+the+sponsorship%2C+this+functional%0D%0A%0D%0A4%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Corganization+enables+the+Japanese+Americans+to+organize%0D%0Aaround+causes+or+special+events+that+are+very+important%0D%0Ato+the+community+as+a+whole.%0D%0AThe+relationship+of+JAE+C+to+the+JA+Council%0D%0Ais+very+similar+to+that+of+a+local+neighborhood%0D%0Acouncil+where+the+staff+and+board+members+give%0D%0Aleadership+and+are+participating+members%2C+and+also%0D%0Aimplement+the+program+by+furnishing+staff+services+to%0D%0Acarry+out+the+mechanics+of+various+projects.%0D%0A%0D%0A5%0D%0A%0D%0AI%3B%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CTHE+JASC+AS+SEEN+BY+THE%0D%0AJAPANESE+AMERICAN+COMMUNITY%0D%0ASince+the+information+from+tre+survey+of+organi%C2%AD%0D%0Azations+and+interviews+with+leaders+in+the+Japanese%0D%0AAmerican+community+supplement+each+other%2C+the%0D%0Afindings+from+these+are+combined+for+purposes+of+sim%C2%AD%0D%0Aplification+and+clarity.%0D%0AAmong+the+organizations+included+in+the+survey+were%0D%0Anine+churches%2C+the+Nisei+Post+of+the+American+Legion%0D%0Aand+Olivet+Community+Center.+The+interviews+were+con%C2%AD%0D%0Aducted+by+members+of+the+E%2Ctudy+Committee.+The+inter%C2%AD%0D%0Aviewers+used+a+questionnaire+designed+to+secure+the+f+cl%C2%AD%0D%0Alowing+information+and+opinions+%3A%0D%0A1.%0D%0A%0D%0AWhat+services+do+these+agencies+provide%3F%0D%0Athere+any+duplication+of+JASC+services%3F%0D%0A%0D%0AIs%0D%0A%0D%0A2.%0D%0A%0D%0AWhat+services%2C+in+their+opinion%2C+should+JASC%0D%0Acontinue%3F%0D%0A%0D%0A3.%0D%0A%0D%0AAre+there+unmet+needs%3F+If+so%2C+how+should%0D%0Athese+be+met%3F+Should+JASC+set+up+any+new%0D%0Aservices%3F%0D%0A%0D%0A4.%0D%0A%0D%0ADo+they+consider+JASC+services+to+be+im%C2%AD%0D%0Aportant+to+the+community%3F%0D%0A%0D%0A5.%0D%0A%0D%0AHow+accurate+is+the+public+understanding+of%0D%0Athe+JAE.+C+program%3F+How+do+they+receive%0D%0Ainformation+about+the+services%3F%0D%0A%0D%0AFollowing+the+completion+of+this+survey%2C+the+consultant%0D%0Ainterviewed+14+additional+persons+who+were+known+to+be%0D%0Aleaders+in+different+segments+of+the+community+and+to+have%0D%0Adiffering+points+of+view.+This+sampling+included+those%0D%0Aclosely+identified+with+JASC+and+others+who+had+slight%2C%0D%0Aor+no+present+contact+with+the+agency%3B+persons+who+were%0D%0Asaid+to+question+the+present+program+as+well+as+those+be%C2%AD%0D%0Alieved+to+be+convinced+of+its+importance%3B+and+individuals%0D%0Awhose+primary+allegiance+was+to+other+organizations.%0D%0A%0D%0A6%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CA+cleaP-cut+picture+emerged+of+the+JASC+as+the+non%C2%AD%0D%0Asectarian+organization+of+the+community%2C+performing+those%0D%0Afunctions+which+cannot+be+performed+by+any+other+organi%C2%AD%0D%0Azation.%0D%0AAt+times+it+is+called+the+%22catcp-all%22+for+various%0D%0Aproblems--in+the+positive+sense+that+it+is+the+referral%0D%0Acenter+of+the+Japanese+American+community+to+which%0D%0Aany+kind+of+problem+or+question+can+be+1%EF%BF%BDeferred+when%0D%0Athe+sender+cannot+meet+the+need+of+the+person+asking%0D%0Ahelp.%0D%0AThe+attitude+is%2C+%22They+%28+JASC%29+will+know+what%0D%0Ato+do%2C+or+will+find+out+what+should+be+done.+%22%0D%0AIt+is+known%0D%0Aas+the+agency+with+wide+knowledge+of+varied+Chicago+resources.%0D%0AAlso%2C+its+building+is+seen+as+a+kind+of+Japanese+American%0D%0Acommunity+center+where+groups+needing+a+meeting+place+can%0D%0Asecu+re+space.%0D%0AIt+is+the+organization+to+which+the+community+c.%3Ain+turn+when+staff+help+is+needed+on+community-wide%0D%0Aprojects.%0D%0AIt+was+the+opm.10n+of+most+persons+interviewed+that%0D%0Ashould+JASC+be+eliminated+1+some+other+organization+would%0D%0Ahave+to+be+%3A%3Aorm2d+to+ta.ks+its+place.%0D%0AThis+organization%0D%0Amight+be+some%3B%3B%2C%3B-1%3A.at+diff+c%3Acent%2C+depending+upon+how+it+was%0D%0Afbanced%2C+but+the+kind+of+services+JASC+now+provides+are%0D%0Aconsidered+eosential+%EF%BF%BD+and+would+have+to+be+maintained+somehow.%0D%0AServiceo+to+IndiYiduals%0D%0AMost+%3A%2C%3Ay_ir%3A%3A%3Bons+who+we1%EF%BF%BDe+interviewed%2C+both+those+in+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganiza%2C.%3A%3Aion.G+and+tnc+i%3A%3A%27lc%3Aivld%27-l.a%EF%BF%BDs+Geen+by+the+consultant%2C+con%C2%AD%0D%0Asider+%C2%B71%3A.ll2+sci%EF%BF%BDvic0s+to+i.ndividuals+to+be+the+most+important%0D%0AWithin+this+category+is%0D%0Apart+of+t%3Ahe+pr%C2%B7o+%3A.._-%3Bram+o.t+p%3Ar8cent.%0D%0Aincluded+COl%27.%3A%EF%BF%BDr%3Ar.%3A.Eng+and+re%3Af+err.%3Ai.ls+on+personal+problems%2C+informa%C2%B7tion+%3B%3A-.ne%2C.+rE%3Bfc%3A.0+%3Ar.%3Ail+services+on+employment%2C+housing%2C%0D%0Anaturalizatio%3A%3A.1.+a%3B.1d+imrnig%3AcLtion.%0D%0APract%3Acc%3A1.l%29.y+2.11+consic%3A1%3A%3Br+the+counseling+on+personal+prob-+%3A%3A%3A%E2%80%A2+%C2%B7%2C-.%27.o+They+refer+particularly+to+the+neceslems+to+be%0D%0Asity+of+m%26intai%3AJ.5.nc+t%7Diese+FJe%3A.%2C%C2%B7%E2%80%A2rJ.ces+for+the+war+brides+and%0D%0AIssei.%0D%0AP%2C.+f+%2C%3A%3A%3A%3A-%2C.%2C%3B+bc%3Aicve+th.%3A%3A%3A%3Ase+services+should+be+enlarged.%0D%0AThe+minbterc+of+the+churches+do+counseling+for+their+own%0D%0Amember%3A%3A%3B+and%EF%BF%BD+i%27.1+so%3Ane+L1.s%2Ccances%2C+for+non-members+who+request%0D%0Ait.%0D%0AA+fe-%2C%3B%2C%3B+%2C%C2%B77%3A-c.o+kno%22%3A%C2%B7%3A-+the+Chfcago+resources+are+able+to+refer%0D%0Apeople+dil%EF%BF%BDect%3A1.y+%22C%27%29+%22-%3Ahcsc+v%3A-hen+the+need+is+indicated%2C+or+call%0D%0Athe+Commu%3A%3A%3A1ity+Referral+E.ervice+for+a.dvice.%0D%0AMost+of+the%0D%0Aministers%2C+howe-.rer%2C+dcpcr..c.+on+JASC+as+the+resource%0D%0A%0D%0A7%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cto+which+they+refer+people.+They+have+confidence+gained+from%0D%0Aprevious+experiences+that+the+JASC+staff+either+possesses%0D%0Athe+knowledge+to+be+helpful%2C+or+can+be+resourceful+in+steering%0D%0Athe+person+to+an+appropriate+agency.+The+JACL%2C+although%0D%0Ait+lists+information+and+referral+services+as+part+of+its%0D%0Aprogram%2C+refers+a+great+number+of+such+matters+directly%0D%0Ato+the+JASC.+The+Japanese+Consulate+also+refers%0D%0Apersonal+problems+%22that+are+too+intimate%22+or+those%0D%0Awhich+require+the+help+of+other+social+agencies+in+Chicago.%0D%0AA+specific+set+of+questions+were+presented+to+the+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganizations+regarding+employment+and+vocational+counseling%0D%0Aproblems.+It+was+reported+that%2C+on+the+whole%2C+few+%22prob%C2%AD%0D%0Alems%22+were+encountered+in+this+area.+In+reality%2C+this+appeared%0D%0Ato+be+a+reflection+of+their+readily+disposing+of+such+problems+with+the+JASC+as+the+place+to+which+they+send+people%0D%0Awho+do+need+jobs+or+special+help.+%22The+service+is+excellent.%22%0D%0A%22It+definitely+fills+a+need%2C+especially+for+Issei.%22+%22It+is+a%0D%0Auseful+source+of+employment+for+war+brides.%22+There+was%0D%0Arecognition%2C+too%2C+that+persons+with+adjustment+problems%0D%0Awere+helped.+This+point+of+view+was+further+confirmed+in%0D%0Athe+interviews+with+individuals+%E2%80%A2%0D%0AOpinions+were+mixed+as+to+whether+it+would+be+ad%C2%AD%0D%0Avantageous+to+have+a+trained+vocational+counselor+on+the+staff%2C%0D%0Abut+most+indicated+they+felt+the+present+setup+was+adequate-%C2%AD%0D%0Athey+would+rarely+have+occasion+to+refer+individuals+other%0D%0Athan+those+already+using+JAE+C+services.+Where+more%0D%0Aserious+difficulties+were+indicated%2C+it+was+felt+that+other%0D%0Amore+specialized+agencies+should+be+used.%0D%0A%0D%0A---%0D%0A%0D%0Aand+Education%0D%0ASocial-Recreation%0D%0A%27%0D%0AAs+noted+earlier%2C+one+program+objective+from+the+outset%0D%0Awas+for+the+JASC+to+conduct+and+give+leadership+to+recrea%C2%AD%0D%0Ational+and+educational+programs.+The+emphasis+was+on%0D%0Ahelping+people+to+utilize+community+services+as+well+as+the%0D%0A-stimulation+of+other+organizations+to+set+up+programs+in%0D%0Athese+areas.+There+has+always+been+recognition+that+there%0D%0Awas+an+on-going+need+for+special+social+and+educational+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agrams+for+Issei+and+newer+arrivals.%0D%0A%0D%0A8%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CThe+forums+and+discussion+groups+tend+to+appeal+to+the+more%0D%0A%22sophisticated%2C+intellectual+II+Nisei.+The+great+majority+who%0D%0Ahelp+support+the+organization+through+membership+contribu%C2%AD%0D%0Ations+do+not+participate+in+the+programs.+Planning+is+under%0D%0Away+to+increase+the+recreational+program+for+Sansei+by%0D%0Asetting+up+a+E.+unday+lounge+program+to+be+held+at+Olivet+Com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity+Center.%0D%0AThe+Nisei+Post+of+the+American+Legion+has+275+members%0D%0Aof+which+95%25+are+Nisei.+They+have+a+drum+and+bugle+corp%0D%0Afor+their+children+and+about+four+social+events+a+year+for%0D%0Amembers+and+their+families.+Various+community+service+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Ajects+are+also+carried+out+by+this+group.%0D%0AThe+Olivet+Community+Center+has+always+cooperated%0D%0Aclosely+with+the+Japanese+American+community.+Many+JASC%0D%0Agroups+were+organized+there+and+used+their+facilities.+At+the%0D%0Atime+when+JASC+staff+guidance+was+given+to+Nisei+groups%2C%0D%0Athese+ties+were+strengthened+when+several+Nisei+were+em%C2%AD%0D%0Aployed+on+the+Olivet+staff.+Two+of+the+churches+originally%0D%0Amet+there+and+continued+until+they+were+strong+enough+to%0D%0Aestablish+themselves+in+their+own+buildings.+Another+still%0D%0Ameets+at+Olivet.+While+there+are+only+a+few+Japanese+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acan+families+now+living+in+the+neighborhood+and+participating%0D%0Ain+the+regular+program%2C+a+number+of+Japanese+groups+still%0D%0Autilize+Olivet%27s+facilities.+The+staff+of+Olivet%2C+of+necessity%2C%0D%0Amust+give+most+of+its+time+to+the+regular+program+for+the%0D%0Apeople+living+in+their+immediate+neighborhood%3B+but+they+also%0D%0Aprovide+advice+and+guidance+to+the+independent+Japanese%0D%0AAmerican+groups+on+their+own+time.+The+Nisei+members+of%0D%0Athe+staff+have+a+special+feeling+of+responsibility+for+these%0D%0Agroups.+At+present%2C+Olivet+assists+the+Nisei+Athletic+Asso%C2%AD%0D%0Aciation+with+its+basketball+and+soft+ball+leagues%2C+and+the+new%0D%0AJunior+JACL+program.+Nisei+and+E.+ansei+travel+from+all%0D%0Aover+the+city+to+use+these+facilities.+It+is+the+staff%27s+opinion%0D%0Athat+some+of+the+independent+groups+need+more+help+on+their%0D%0Aprograms+and+the+staff+members+feel+frustrated+because+of%0D%0Athe+limited+amount+of+time+they+can+give+these+groups.+They%0D%0Asee+a+need+for+training+of+volunteer+leaders+to+give+more%0D%0Adirection+to+these+groups.%0D%0A%0D%0A9%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CIn+order+to+determine+what+present+social%2C+recrea%C2%AD%0D%0Ational+and+educational+needs+were+being+related+to%2C+the%0D%0Aorganizations+were+asked+to+list+their+activities.%0D%0AThese%0D%0A12+organizations+had+been+selected+in+the+belief+that+they%0D%0Awere+the+ones+offering+significant+amounts+of+service+to%0D%0AJapanese+Americans.%0D%0AAmong+the+nine+Christian+and%0D%0Acluded+in+the+survey%2C+eight+proved%0D%0AJapanese+American+congregations.%0D%0Aninth+church+consisted+of+only+25%25%0D%0A73%25+of+the+rest+being+Negro%3B+only%0D%0A2unday+l%3Fchool+were+Eansei.%0D%0A%0D%0ABuddhist+churches+in%C2%AD%0D%0Ato+have+primarily%0D%0AThe+membership+of+the%0D%0ANisei%2C+with+approximately%0D%0A15+of+150+children+in+the%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+eight+Japanese+American+churches+listed+an+ag%C2%AD%0D%0Agregate+of+3%2C295+as+members%2C+or+partipat-ing+in+the+E-unday%0D%0AE-%3Achool+and+other+programs.%0D%0AThere+is+some+duplication%0D%0Ain+the+number+of+persons+reported+as+participating+in%0D%0Achurch+sponsored+programs+since+comments+indicate+that%0D%0Amembers+of+some+churches+also+attend+social+activities+in%0D%0Aothers.%0D%0AWhile+some+of+the+programs+are+primarily+the+usual%0D%0Afellowship+and+religious+education+kinds+of+activities+for%0D%0Atheir+own+members%2C+five+churches+have+active+community%0D%0Aprograms+such+as+the+Boy+Scouts%2C+social+groups+and+study%0D%0Aclasses.%0D%0ATwo+list+citizenship+classes.%0D%0AThere+is+an+English%0D%0Alanguage+class+in+one%2C+and+Japanese+classes+for+both+children+and+adults+in+another.%0D%0ASome+ministers+felt+there+were%0D%0Aenough+activities+for+those+they+reached%2C+but+they+conveyed%0D%0Alimited+awareness+of+the+needs+of+the+larger+Japanese%0D%0Acommunity+which+has+no+direct+contact+with+their+churches.%0D%0AOthers+related+that+there+were+not+enough+recreational+pro%C2%AD%0D%0AThis+will+be+discussed+later+under%0D%0Agrams+for+E+ansei+and+Issei.%0D%0A%22Unmet+Needs%22.%0D%0AThe+...%3Arapanese+American+Citizens+League+%28+JACL%29+has%0D%0Aapproximately+1%2C000+members--85%25+of+which+are+Nisei%2C+5%25%0D%0AIssei%2C+5%25+E.+ansei+and+5%25+of+others.%0D%0AThroughout+the+year+they%0D%0Aconduct+various+affairs--social+gatherings%2C+forums%2C+discussion%0D%0Ameetings%2C+etc.%0D%0AThe+Americanization+classes+held+at+JASC+and%0D%0A%22Candidates+Night%22+in+the+fall+are+jointly+sponsored+with+JASC.%0D%0A%0D%0A10%0D%0A%0D%0Al%0D%0A%0D%0A.%C2%B7%E2%80%A2%3A%27%0D%0A%0D%0A%3A%2C.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0C%3A%2C.%0D%0A%0D%0AIn+order+to+determine+whether+this+leadership+problem%0D%0Awas+common+to+the+others%2C+those+organizations+interviewed%0D%0Awere+asked+whether+they+had+difficuity+in+securing+leaders%0D%0Aand+whether+they+would+like+to+see+JASC+set+up+a+training%0D%0Acourse+for+volunteers.+A+number+spoke+of+the+difficulty%0D%0Aof+securing+leaders%2C+particularly+for+teen+age+groups.%0D%0AHow%C2%AD%0D%0Aever%2C+they+were+lukewarm+to+the+idea+of+JASC+setting+up%0D%0Aa+central+training+course.+E+ome+had+their+own+training%0D%0AOthers+thought+such+a+course+might+be+a+good%0D%0Acourses.%0D%0Aidea%2C+but+they+did+not+think+they+would+have+leaders+to%0D%0Asend+to+it.%0D%0AIt+was+the+general+impression+among+organization+leaders%0D%0Aand+the+individuals+interviewed+that%2C+on+the+whole%2C+there+was%0D%0Ano+longer+a+need+for+a+large+recreation+and+educational+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agram+at+JASC%2C+with+the+exception+of+new+programs+that%0D%0Awill+be+discussed+under+%22Unmet+Needs%22.%0D%0AThe+Nisei+ap%C2%AD%0D%0Aparently+are+making+use+of+community+resources+in+their+own%0D%0Aneighborhoods.%0D%0AIn+11+of+the+organizations+studied+there+is%0D%0Aa+variety+of+activities+available+for+those+who+wish+to+par%C2%AD%0D%0Aticipate+in+groups+with+other+Japanese+Americans.+Some%0D%0Agroups+originally+organized+by+JASC+are+now+able+to+go%0D%0Aahead+under+their+own+leadership+and+additional+independent%0D%0Agroups+have+been+formed.%0D%0AHowever%2C+it+was+felt+that+there+was+a+definite+need+for%0D%0Athe+programs+presently+being+carried+on+by+JA%3ASC%2C+parti%C2%AD%0D%0Acularly+for+Issei+and+new+arrivals+to+the+city.%0D%0AThe+JASC%0D%0Ais+seen+as+a+non-sectarian+center+where+groups+that+draw%0D%0Afrom+different+segments+of+the+community+can+convene.%0D%0AAn+examination+of+the+various+groups+that+meet+at+the%0D%0AJASC+confirms+this+point+of+view.+The+JASC+is+the%0D%0Acenter+to+which+Issei+and+newer+arrivals+from+Japan+come%0D%0Afor+social+and+recreational+activities+other+than+that+found%0D%0Ain+the+churches+and+other+organizations.%0D%0AThe+groups+meeting+under+JAE.C+sponsorship+and%2For%0D%0Aguidance+are+not+duplicated+by+any+other+organizations.%0D%0AWhile+one+English+class+and+two+citizenship+classes+are+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Avided+through+churches%2C+those+at+JAE+C+are+still+needed.%0D%0AThe+English+class%2C+in+particular%2C+has+many+of+the+aspects%0D%0Aof+a+social+club.+The+Japanese+class+provides+an+oppor%C2%AD%0D%0Atunity+for+Nisei+and+non-Japanese+to+learn+together.%0D%0AThe%0D%0A%0D%0All%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CCosmo+Club+%28for+war+brides%29+and+the+Hawaiian+Club+both%0D%0Aserve+new+arrivals+in+making+initial+adjustments+to+living+in%0D%0AChicago.%0D%0AThe+membership+in+these+two+groups+turns+over+f%0D%0Afairly+rapidly+as+the+members+secure+greater+comfort+in%0D%0Athe+larger+community+structure.%0D%0AThey+in+turn+are+re%C2%AD%0D%0AThe+Society+of+Fine+Arts+with%0D%0Aplaced+by+newer+arrivals.%0D%0Aits+special+interest+group+is+performing+the+role+of+bringing%0D%0Atogether+Japanese+Americans+from+different+generations+as%0D%0Awell+as+non-Japanese+through+cultural+programs+of+mutual%0D%0Ainterest.%0D%0AThese+activities+serve+to+facilitate+communication%0D%0Awith+the+larger+Chicago+community.%0D%0AThe+JASC+building+is+also+available+to+semi-independent%0D%0Aand+independent+groups%2C+the+majority+of+which+are+Issei.%0D%0AIt+is+the+general+opinion+that+this+non-sectarian+center+is%0D%0Aneeded+by+the+community+to+provide+a+meeting+place+for%0D%0Agroups+that+cannot+be+accommodated+in+the+churches%2C+or+which%0D%0Ado+not+wish+to+be+identified+with+any+one%C2%B7+religious+group.%0D%0AThe+importance+of+the+service+is+highlighted+by+the+fact+that%2C%0D%0Aas+previously+mentioned%2C+only+3%2C295+persons+%28including+some%0D%0Aduplications%29+are+listed+by+the+churches+as+members+or+par%C2%AD%0D%0Aticipating+in+their+activities%2C+while+the+population+is+variously%0D%0Aestimated+to+be+between+9%2C000+and+15%2C000+persons.%0D%0AJASC+Relationship+%EF%BF%BD%0D%0A%0D%0A__+%2C%0D%0A%0D%0A%3A%21.f%3A%3A..+Council%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+functional+relationship+and+reasoning+behind+the+di%C2%AD%0D%0Avision+of+responsibilities+between+these+two+organizations%0D%0A.+has+%2713-lready+been+described.%0D%0AThe+special+events+sponsored+by%0D%0AQ.r+organized+through+the+Council+are+important+to+Japanese%0D%0AAmericans+in+Chicago+when+they+wish+to+fulfill+their+civic%0D%0Aresponsibilities+by+mobilizing+themselves+around+some+event%0D%0Aas+the+identifiable+Japanese+American+community%3B+or+when%0D%0Athey+wish+to+give+united+recognition+to+a+Japanese+American%0D%0Ape%3Brson+or+event.%0D%0ATh%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD+is+important+to+the+well+being+of+the+community%0D%0Aas+it+serves+as+a+cohesive+force+between+the+widely+separated%0D%0Aage+groups+and+diverse+segments+of+the+community.%0D%0AThe+JA%0D%0ACouncil+has+sponsored+such+projects+as%3A+raising+funds+for%0D%0Athe+Pan+American+Games+and+Japanese+Flood+Relief%3B+cele%C2%AD%0D%0Abra%2Cting.+-100+years+of+Japanese+and+American+diplomatic%0D%0A%0D%0A12%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Crelationships+through+the+series+of+events+last+spring%3B+and%0D%0Aa+banquet+to+honor+the+Hon.+Daniel+Inouye+of+Hawaii%2C+the%0D%0Afirst+person+of+Japanese+descent+to+be+elected+to+the%0D%0AUnited+States+Congress.%0D%0AThe+JAE+C+is+the+only+Japanese+American+community%C2%AD%0D%0Awide+organization+that+has+a+sta%3A%22f.%0D%0AIn+the+functional+di%C2%AD%0D%0Avision+of+responsibility+between+these+two+organizations%0D%0Amany%2C+particularly+among+the+older+generation%2C+feel+that+the%0D%0AJASC+should+carry+out+those+parts+of+the+arrangements%0D%0Athat+require+staff+help.%0D%0AThey+consider+that+the+funds%0D%0Athey+raise+and+contribute+to+JASC+are+partly+given+in+or%C2%AD%0D%0Ader+to+enable+JASC+to+provide+such+services.%0D%0AWhen+so+many+events+were+scheduled+during+the+spring%0D%0Aof+1960+it+was+recognized+that+too+many+demands+were+being%0D%0Amade+on+the+staff%2C+so+some+extra+funds+were+provided+by%0D%0Athe+Council+to+pay+for+stationery+and+postage+as+well+as%0D%0Aextra+secretarial+help.%0D%0APublic+Relations%0D%0AWith+the+exception+of+those+who+were+close+to+the+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganization+or+who+had+worked+with+it+through+referrals%2C%0D%0Amost+of+the+people+interviewed+were+not+up+to+date+on+the%0D%0Apresent+program.%0D%0ATheir+sources+of+information+were+pri%C2%AD%0D%0Amarily+from+persons+who+had+used+the+services%2C+members+of%0D%0Athe+Board+and+through+contact+with+the+Director.%0D%0AThe%0D%0Abulletin+reactivated+this+spring+was+mentioned+at+times.%0D%0ATheir+expressed+wish+to+know+more+about+the+JASC+was%0D%0Ademonstrated+by+the+keen+interest+of+people+in+being+brought%0D%0Aup+to+date+during+the+interviews.%0D%0AThere+was+clear+indication%0D%0Athat+a+much+more+active+public+relations+program+should+be%0D%0Ainitiated.%0D%0A%0D%0A13%0D%0A%0D%0A..%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CTHE+JASC+AS+SEEN+BY%0D%0ANON-JAPANESE+ORGANIZATIONS+AND+AGENCIES%0D%0A%0D%0AIn+order+to+determine+the+effectiveness+of+JASC+as%0D%0Aa+referral+agency+and+whether+its+program+was+still+needed%0D%0Ain+the+community%2C+the+consultant+interviewed+representa%C2%AD%0D%0Atives+of+the+following+12+non-Japanese+agencies+and+organiza%C2%AD%0D%0Ations%3A%0D%0AChicago+Child+Care+Society%0D%0AChicago+City+Missionary%C2%B7+Society%0D%0AChicago+Foundling+Home%0D%0ACommunity+Referral+Service+of+Chicago%0D%0ACook+County+Public+Aid+Department%0D%0AGeriatrics+Rehabilitation+Service%0D%0ANorth+Side+District+Office%0D%0AFamily+Eservice+Bureau+of+the+United+Charities%0D%0AIllinois+Children%27s+Home+and+Aid+Society%0D%0ASalvation+Army+Emergency+Lodge%0D%0ASenior+Cent%EF%BF%BDrs+of+Metropolitan+Chicago%0D%0AUnited+States+Immigration+and+Naturalization+Service%0D%0AUnited+S%2Ctates+District+Office+of+Social+Security%0D%0AAdministration.%0D%0ANine+of+these+were+selected+because+the+records+showed%0D%0Athat+they+were+the+ones+to+which+JASC+had+referred+people%0D%0Aor+that+JASC+had+been+called+in+by+them+during+the+15-month%0D%0Asampling+period+which+had+been+analyzed+%28See+%22Social+Welfare%22%0D%0Ain+Part+I%29.%0D%0AThe+names+of+the+persons+referred+were+given%0D%0Ato+the+agencies+in+advance+of+the+interviews+so+that+they%0D%0Acould+adequately+examine+their+records+to+find+out+what+had%0D%0AA+certain+number+ot+referrals+had%0D%0Ahappened+to+the+clients.%0D%0Anot+been+completed%2C+as+would+be+expected.%0D%0AParticular+atten%C2%AD%0D%0Ation+was+given+to+those+persons+who+had+been+in+contact%0D%0Awith+JASC+for+four+months+or+more.%0D%0AIn+all+the+cases+from%0D%0Athis+group%2C+where+the+type+of+problem+indicated+a+need+for%0D%0Acase+work+help%2C+the+referral+process+had+been+completed+with%0D%0Aspecialized+agency.%0D%0AE+everal+agencies+spoke+of+the+diffi%C2%AD%0D%0Athe%0D%0Aculty+of+working+with+these+cases+because+of+cultural+and%0D%0AIn+two+situations%0D%0Apsychological+factors+unique+to+this+group.%0D%0AJAE+C+was+called+in+by+caseworkers+to+assist+them+in+their%0D%0A%0D%0A14%0D%0A%0D%0A.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Ctreatment+of+clients.+They+emphasized+the+effective+role%0D%0Athe+JASC+staff+member+had+performed+in+acting+as+a+bridge%0D%0Abetween+them+and+their+clients+across+language+and+cultural%0D%0Abarriers.%0D%0AIt+was+the+consensus+of+opm1on+among+these+agencies%0D%0Athat+the+JAEC+was+performing+a+needed+service.+There+is%0D%0Aa+minimum+of+involvement+of+the+JAEC+staff+in+the+prob%C2%AD%0D%0Alems+of+clients+except+where+extended+contacts+are+needed%0D%0Ato+prepare+the+client+for+eventual+referral+or+where+con%C2%AD%0D%0Atinued+supportive+contact+is+at+times+needed+in+maintaining%0D%0Aclient+engagement+with+the+other+agency.+Cases+referred+to%0D%0Athese+agencies+were+considered+appropriate+and+generally%0D%0Ademonstrated+effective+utilization+of+community+resources.%0D%0AThe+government+agencies+also+reported+very+satisfactory%0D%0Aworking+relationships+with+the+JAE+C.%0D%0AThe+staff+member+interviewed+at+the+Community+Re%C2%AD%0D%0Aferral+E+ervice+was+of+the+opinion+that+there+would+be+a%0D%0Acontinuing+need+for+the+JASC+as+long+as+there+were+Issei%0D%0Aand+newer+immigrants+from+Japan.+They+rarely+have+contact%0D%0Awith+Japanese+Americans+at+their+agency--none%2C+to+the+staff%0D%0Amember%27s+knowledge+in+the+past+year.+From+long+experience%0D%0Awith+the+Japanese+Americans+it+was+firmly+felt+by+this+staff%0D%0Aperson+that+the+older+generation+and+others+with+limited%0D%0AEnglish+would+not+come+to+this+agency+even+if+JAEC+were%0D%0Adiscontinued.%0D%0ABecause+of+the+evidence+of+a+need+for+a+planned+recrea%C2%AD%0D%0Ational+program+for+Issei%2C+a+conference+was+held+at+the+Senior%0D%0ACenters+of+Mtropolitan+Chicago+around+this+problem.+Al%C2%AD%0D%0Athough+they+have+conveyed+a+desire+to+help+elderly%C2%B7+Japanese%0D%0Ain.+any+way+they+can%2C+they+have+had+no+success+in+bringing%0D%0AIssei+into+their+program.+In+their+opinion+the+Director+of%0D%0AJASC+has+been+most+cooperative+and+has+urged+Issei+to%0D%0Aattend+Senior+Centers+programs.+A+special+program%0D%0Aplanned+jointly+by+the+two+agencies+to+interest+Isseis+in%0D%0ASenior+Centers+activities+met+with+complete+resistance+on%0D%0Athe+part+of+the+Isseis.%0D%0A%0D%0A15%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CThe+last+conference+was+held+with+a+representative%0D%0Aof+the+City+Iv%3Aissionary+Society%2C+an+organization+which+gives%0D%0Aa+substantial+contribution+each+year+toward+the+budget+of%0D%0AJASC.+This+organization+is+particularly+interested+in%0D%0Athat+part+of+the+program+that+builds+better+understanding%0D%0Abetween+people+of+Japanese+and+non-Japanese+background.%0D%0AThey+feel+this+is+important+and+should+be+continued+along%0D%0Awith+the+other+services.%0D%0A%0D%0A16%0D%0A%0D%0A.+.+..%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CPART+III%0D%0ACONCLUSIONS+AND+RECOMMENDATIONS%0D%0ATHE+PRESENT+PICTURE%0D%0A%0D%0A.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+study+shows+that+the+work+of+the+Japanese+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acan+E+ervice+Committee+is+very+important+to+the+welfare+of%0D%0Athe+Japanese+American+Community+and+greater+Chicago%2C+and%0D%0Acannot+be+done+as+effectively+by+any+other+organization.+Any%0D%0Aproblem+affecting+persons+of+Japanese+ancestry+is+its+con%C2%AD%0D%0Acern.+Its+policy%2C+consistently%2C+has+been+to+direct+people%0D%0Ato%2C+and+help+them+utilize+organizations+where+there+is+ma%C2%AD%0D%0Achinery+or+personnel+to+appropriately+meet+their+needs%3B+to%0D%0Ainterpret+the+needs+of+the+Japanese+people+to+other+organi%C2%AD%0D%0Azations+and+stimulate+them+to+set+up+appropriate+services%3B%0D%0Aand+to+conduct+such+program+as+cannot+be+provWed+in+any%0D%0Aother+way.+It+has+served+as+a+%22voice%22+for+Japanese+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acans+in+Chicago%2C+a+source+of+information+for+its+own+consti%C2%AD%0D%0Atuents%2C+a+place+to+which+others+from+the+larger+society%0D%0Acould+turn+when+they+wished+to+make+contact+with+any+seg%C2%AD%0D%0Ament+of+the+Japanese+American+community%2C+or+wanted+in%C2%AD%0D%0Aformation+about+its+culture+and+that+of+Japan.+It+is+a%0D%0Atransmission+center+through+which+communication+is+kept%0D%0Aopen+between+various+elements+of+the+Japanese+American%0D%0Acommunity+and+greater+Chicago+as+well+as+within+the+Japanese%0D%0Acommunity+itself+%E2%80%A2%0D%0AThe+JAE+C+is+a+multifunctional+agency.+It+provides%0D%0Ashort-term+counseling+and+referrals+for+individuals+and+fami%C2%AD%0D%0Alies+with+problems%2C+job+placement+and+counseling%2C+recreation%0D%0Aand+education+programs%2C+information+and+referrals+on+housing%2C%0D%0Anaturalization+and+immigration%2C+orientation+for+new+arrivals%0D%0Asuch+as+war+brides%2C+Hawaiians+of+Japanese+descent+and%0D%0AJapanese+immigrants%3B+interpretation+of+Japanese+culture+to%0D%0A_church%2C+school+and+civic+groups%3B+and+staff+services+to+imple%C2%AD%0D%0A_rnent+community-wide+projects.%0D%0AThe+spread+of+responsibilities+of+the+Director+have+been%0D%0Atoo+great+for+one+person+to+handle.+Inevitably+areas+of%0D%0A%0D%0A17%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cadministration+have+suffered+because+priority+has+had+to%0D%0Ato+be+given+to+the+day-to-day+demands+of+people+request%C2%AD%0D%0Aing+service.%0D%0ANisei+support+has+not+been+developed+to+the%0D%0Adegree+it+could+be+because+of+the+lack+of+a+public+rela%C2%AD%0D%0Ations+and+fund+raising+program+geared+to+their+interests%0D%0AThe+staff+has+not+had+the+time+nor+the%0D%0Aand+concerns.%0D%0Aenergy+to+give+attention+to+new+emerging+needs+in+the+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity.%0D%0AThese+conclusions+are+based+on+a+study+of+the+present%0D%0Aprogram+and+unmet+ne8ds%2C+and+on+an+examination+of+other%0D%0Aresources+in+Chicago+1+both+Japanese+American+and+city%C2%AD%0D%0Awide+agencies+.%0D%0A%0D%0AThis+aspect+of+the+program+operates+as+a+short+con%C2%AD%0D%0Atact+referral+serviceo%0D%0AOf+the+248+different+individuals+who%0D%0Arequested+help+during+the+15+months+that+were+analyzed%2C%0D%0Aonly+15+were+carried+for+four+months+or+more%2C+174+appear+in+the+records+in+only+one+month.%0D%0AAlmost+every+kind%0D%0Aof+problem+is+represented--problems+resulting+from+failing%0D%0Ahealth%2C+mental+disorders%2C+marital+conflict%2C+straightening%0D%0Aout+records+for+citizenship+or+Social+E.-ecurity%2C+etc.%0D%0ASome%0D%0Aof+the+simpler+requests+were+handled+directly+by+the+staff%0D%0AWhen+more+specialized+help%0D%0Athrough+the+resources+of+JASC.%0D%0Awas+indicated%EF%BF%BD+the+staff+was+skillful+and+resourceful+in%0D%0Ausing+community+resources.%0D%0ASome+could+be+referred+imme%C2%AD%0D%0Adiately%2C+others+required+supportive+counseling+for+a+period%0D%0Abefore+they+were+ready+to+accept+referral.%0D%0AIn+two+in%C2%AD%0D%0Astances%2C+JAE-C+was+called+in+by+caseworkers+to+assist+them%0D%0Ain+their+treatment+where+they+needed+someone+to+help+them%0D%0Acommunicate+with+their+respective+clients%2C+not+only+through%0D%0Alanguage%2C+but+more+impor%22%27%3A%3Aant%2C+ac1+oss+cultural+barriers.%0D%0AThis+is+an+essential+service.%0D%0A.Persons+coming+here+need%0D%0Athis+specialized+agency+with+b%3A%7E%2CJ.ingual+staff+who+understand%0D%0Aboth+the+Japanese+J.nd+American+culture.%0D%0AThe+Community%0D%0AReferral+Service+of+Ch%21cago+reports+that+they+practically%0D%0Anever+have+had+requests+from+Jar%3A%2Canese+Americans+%28nor.e+in%0D%0Athe+last+year%29+.%0D%0AThey+are+of+the+opinion+that+even+if%0D%0A%0D%0A18%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cthis+service+were+no+longer+available+at+JASC%2C+it+would%0D%0Abe+unlikely+that+the+older+generation+and+the+new+arrivals%0D%0Awould+come+to+their+agency.+It+was+the+consensus+of+the%0D%0Aother+agencies+to+whom+JAEC+refers+clients+that+this+is%0D%0Aan+important+service.%0D%0A%0D%0A%21%3AI.%C2%A3p+Placement+and+Counseling%0D%0AWhile+the+volume+of+requests+in+this+area+is+small%2C+this%0D%0Ais+a+very+useful+service.+Issei%2C+war+brides+and+other+new%0D%0Aimmigrants+from+Japan%2C+because+of+their+cultural+differences%0D%0Aand+limitations+in+the+use+of+English%2C+depend+on+JASC+for%0D%0Ahelp+in+locating+appropriate+employment.+E%2Come+of+the%0D%0ANisei+who+use+this+resource+use+other+resources+as+well.%0D%0AHowever%2C+there+are+some+Nisei+who+have+personality+or+deep%0D%0Aseated+problems+that+need+the+kind+of+help+and+guidance%0D%0Aavailable+at+JASC.%0D%0AJob+placement+at+the+JAE.+C+serves+an+additional+func%C2%AD%0D%0Ation%2C+i.e.+%2C+as+a+tool+through+which+to+identify+and+establish%0D%0Acontact+with+people+who+often+present+themselves+as+in%0D%0Aneed+of+work+but+frequently+pose+other+concerns+which+re%C2%AD%0D%0Aquire+different+handling.%0D%0AHousing%0D%0AThough+not+particularly+important+now%2C+this+is+a+con%C2%AD%0D%0Avenient+service+which+should+be+continued.+The+housing%0D%0Areferrals+are+handled-+almost+entirely+by+telephone+and+require%0D%0Avery+little+staff+time.+Available+space+reported+to+the%0D%0Aoffice+is+kept+on+file+and+is+used+almost+entirely+by+Japanese%0D%0AAmericans.+It+is+a+tangible+service+which+is+good+for+pub%C2%AD%0D%0Alic+relations+with+persons+who+do+not+need+other+services.%0D%0AIt+also+is+a+readily+available+resource+to+the+staff+when+they%0D%0Aneed+to+locate+appropriate+housing+for+families+where+it+is%0D%0Adesirable+to+locate+them+near+other+Japanese+speaking+people.%0D%0A%0D%0A19%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CRecreation+%EF%BF%BD+Education+Program%0D%0AJASC+is+the+non-sectarian+Japanese+community+center.%0D%0ATwenty-nine+groups+are+presently+using+the+facilities+in+addi%C2%AD%0D%0Ation+to+the+board+and+committees+of+JAS+C.%0D%0ASeven+groups+are+either+under+the+sponsorship+of+JASC%0D%0Aor+are+directly+affiliated+with+it.%0D%0AThey+receive+staff+serv%C2%AD%0D%0Aices+through+direct+leadership%2C+advice+on+program%2C+help%0D%0Awith+organization+and%2For+clerical+services.%0D%0AEach+group+serves%0D%0Aa+special+purpose+and+does+not+duplicate+services+provided+by%0D%0Aany+other+Japanese+American+or+non-Japanese+organization.%0D%0AWhile+there+are+other+groups+in+two+Japanese+American%0D%0Achurches+%28i.e.+the+language+classes%29+which+would+appear+to%0D%0Ahave+similar+programs%2C+the+JASC+classes+appeal+to+people%0D%0Afrom+different+segments+of+the+Ja-panese+American+popula%C2%AD%0D%0Ation.+%3ASome+people+seem+to+prefer+to+come+to+a+non-sec%C2%AD%0D%0Atarian+center.%0D%0AThe+JAE%3A+C+also+provides+space+where+independent+in%C2%AD%0D%0Aterest+groups+and+organizations+can+meet+%28most+of+these%0D%0Aare+Issei+groups%29.%0D%0AEight+of+them+call+on+JASC+staff+for%0D%0Aadvice+at+times.%0D%0AThe+others+use+the+facilities+as+a+con%C2%AD%0D%0Avenience.%0D%0AThis+meeting+place+for+community+groups+is%0D%0Aneeded+and+provides+a+useful+service+to+the+people.%0D%0AInformation+2%C2%A3+Naturalization+%EF%BF%BD+Immigration%0D%0AThis+service+should+also+be+%C2%B7continued.+Many%C2%B7+people+who%0D%0Ahave+to+find+their+way+through+the+complicated+regulations%0D%0Aand+procedures+involved+in+naturalization+and+immigration%0D%0Amatters+need+interpretation+of+these+regulations%3B+advice+on%0D%0Awhere+to+go+and+how+to+secure+needed+docu+ments+%28i.e.+proof%0D%0Aof+marriage%2C+residency%2C+etc.+%29+%3B+and+help+on+other+details%0D%0Asuch+as+filling+out+forms.%0D%0AThis+is+particularly+important+for%0D%0Apersons+with+limited+Engl+ish+who+need+the+help+of+a+bi%C2%AD%0D%0Alingual+staff.%0D%0AThe+JASC+staff+has+accurate+information+and+excellent%0D%0Aworking+relationships+with+the+local+office+of+the+U+.s.+Immi%C2%AD%0D%0Agration+and+Naturalization+Eervice.%0D%0A%0D%0A20%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CInterpretation%0D%0A%0D%0A.21%0D%0A%0D%0AJapanese+Culture%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+JAE+C+plays+an+important+role+in+bringing+about%0D%0Abetter+understanding+between+people+of+Japanese+background%0D%0Aand+non-Japanese.%0D%0AThe+Director+.is+asked+to+speak+to+school%2C%0D%0Achurch+and+civic+groups+on+the+Japanese+Americans+in+Chi%C2%AD%0D%0Acago+and+Japanese+culture.%0D%0AThis+should+be+continued.%0D%0AThe+organization+is+called+on+to+secure+Japanese+talent%0D%0Afor+t%22.hecprogr.ams+of+other+organizations.+vJhile+some+of%0D%0Athese+requests+are+quite+legitimate%2C+others+could+be+turned%0D%0Adown%2C+or+the+service+limited+to+suggesting+names+for+the+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganization+to+contact.%0D%0AExhibits+and+other+programs+arranged+by+the+Society+of%0D%0AFine+Arts%2C+the+E%3A%2Cumie+Class%2C+and+the+Japanese+Language%0D%0AClass+%28+all+listed+above%29+contribute+to+the+interpretive%0D%0Aprogram+also.%0D%0APublic+Relations+and+Fund+Raising%0D%0AVery+little+attention+has+been+given+in+recent+years+to%0D%0Akeeping+the+Japanese+American+community+informed+about%0D%0AJAE+C+programs.%0D%0AThe+Nisei+who+by+and+large+no+longer%0D%0Ahave+much+direct+contact+with+the+agency%2C+have+very+vague%0D%0Aideas+as+to+what+its+present+program+is.%0D%0AThe+agency+has%0D%0Aprimarily+been+riding+on+its+reputation+and+people+contribute%0D%0Abecause+they+believe+it+is+doing+good.%0D%0AThe+bulk+of+the+financial+support+of+JASC+still+comes%0D%0Afrom+the+Issei.%0D%0AIf+JAEC+is+to+continue%2C+the+Nisei+must%0D%0Arapidly+increase+their+support%2C+both+financially+and+through%0D%0Aactive+leadership.%0D%0AThere+has+been+a+definite+increase+in+Nisei+support+in%0D%0AIn-+1958%2C+74%25+of+the+membership+income%0D%0Athe+past+few+years.%0D%0AIn+1959%2C+the+Nisei%0D%0Acame+from+Issei%2C+26%25+from+the+Nisei.%0D%0Aaccounted+for+37%25+of%C2%B7+the+income+from+memberships.%0D%0A%0D%0A21%0D%0A%0D%0A%0C%27%0D%0A%0D%0AHowever%2C+before+much+additional+support+can+be+expected+from+this+source%2C+the+Nisei+must+feel+that+the%0D%0Aagency+is+looking+ahead+and+is+concerning+itself+with+the+new%0D%0Aproblems+facing+Nisei+and+Issei+today--that+it+is+not+just%0D%0Astaying+alive+for+a+limited+time+to+complete+projects+started%0D%0Asome+time+ago.%0D%0A%0D%0A22%0D%0A%0D%0A...%3B%0D%0A%0D%0A%2C%E2%80%A2_%0D%0A%0D%0A..%0D%0A%0D%0A.-.%0D%0A%0D%0A%27_%3B%0D%0A%0D%0A.%C2%B7%0D%0A%0D%0A%E2%80%A2.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CUNIYET+NEEDS%0D%0AIssei%0D%0AAs+was+mentioned+previously%2C+it+has+been+estimated%0D%0Athat+there+are+some+2500+Isseis+residing+in+the+Chicago+area.%0D%0ADue+to+the%0D%0AIsseis+appear+to+average+around+73+years+in+age.%0D%0Alimited+scope+of+the+study+no+systematic+body+of+informa%C2%AD%0D%0Ation+on+the+Issei+population+was+secured.%0D%0AIt+seems+safe+to%0D%0Astate+that+a+relatively+large+number+%28perhaps+some+60%25%29+main%C2%AD%0D%0Atain+their+social+meaningfulness+through+membership+in+var%C2%AD%0D%0Aious+churches.%0D%0ACultural+activities%2C+informal+educational+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agrams+and+periodic+showings+of+Japanese+movies.+appear+to%0D%0Adraw+much+smaller+numbers+of+Isseis.%0D%0AIt+is+not+known%0D%0Awhether+Isseis+active+in+one+form+of+social+activity+also%0D%0Atend+to+participate+in+other+activities.%0D%0Avvith+the+exception+of+a+small+number+of+bachelor+Isseis%0D%0Aliving+along+Clark+E+treet--one+of+the+original+major+settle%C2%AD%0D%0Ament+areas+now+being+gradually+abandoned+by+the+Japanese%0D%0Aonce+living+there--most+Isseis+appear+to+be+living+with%2C+or%0D%0Ain+close+proximity+to+their+Nisei+children.%0D%0AThere+is+some+very+limited+evidence+to+suggest+that%0D%0Aperhaps+as+much+as+75%25+of+the+Isseis+are+still+gainfully+em%C2%AD%0D%0Aployed+in+some+manner.+If+this+is+true%2C+this+would+appear+to%0D%0Abe+a+strikingly+high+percentage+in+relation+to+other+groups%0D%0Awith+2.+simiiar+age+range.%0D%0AIt+is+hoped+that+this+might+be%0D%0Afurther+explored+in+the+future+as+it+would+seem+to+have%0D%0Avarious+cultural+implications+if+the+impression+is+substan%C2%AD%0D%0Atiated+by+more+objective+data.%0D%0AThat+the+Isseis+place+a+pre%C2%AD%0D%0AA+possible+relationmium+on+work+activity+is+well+known.%0D%0Aship+to+the+above+observation+is+the+Issei+1+s+apparently+marked%0D%0Aresistance+to+any+approach+suggesting+that+he+is+dependent%0D%0Aand+helpless.%0D%0ASome+observers+cited+the+Issei%27s+resistance%0D%0Ato+two+previo+us+community-wide+attempts+at+exploring+the%0D%0Apossibilities+of+an+old+age+home+for+the+Issei+as+an+illustra%C2%AD%0D%0AThere+has+been+discussion+periodically+for+the+past+10%0D%0Ation.%0D%0Ayears+regarding+the+need+for+a+home+for+the+elderly.%0D%0AIt+be%C2%AD%0D%0Acame+clear+that+although+some+typE-+of+place+where+elderly%0D%0AIssei+could+live+together+congenially+would+be+highly+desirable%2C%0D%0Athe+concept+of+an+institution+is+most+distasteful+to+the+Isseis%0D%0A%0D%0A23%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cbecause+of+firmly+entrenched+cultural+patterns.%0D%0APresently%2C%0D%0Aseveral+individuals+and%2For+churches+are+independently+con%C2%AD%0D%0Asidering+ways+and+means+of+purchasing+an+apartment+build%C2%AD%0D%0Aing+to+provide+such+living+quarters.%0D%0AThe+JASC+should+be%0D%0Aalert+to+this+problem+since+there+appears+to+be+increasing%0D%0Aattention+and+concern+around+the+need+for+a+residence+for%0D%0Aelderly+Issei.+There+is+real+question+as+to+the+agency%27s%0D%0Arole+in+this+area.%0D%0AShould+it+give+peripheral+support+to+these%0D%0Atentative+explorations%2C+or+move+directly+into+the+problem+area%3F%0D%0AIn+view+of+these+questions+it+appears+that+the+agency+is%0D%0Afaced+with+the+responsibility+of+clarifying+its+function+relating+to+this+area+of+need.%0D%0AAlthough+a+fair+portion+of+the+Issei+population+pre%C2%AD%0D%0Asently+appear+to+be+finding+social+usefulness+in+some+form%2C%0D%0Ait+is+speculated+that+in+the+near+future+a+more+critical%0D%0Aperiod+in+their+lives+might+be+anticipated.+It+would+seem%0D%0Athat+as+the+Isseis+give+rapidly+increasing+evidence+of+sheer%0D%0Aphysiological+incapacity+to+function+in+some+economically+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Aductive+or+accustomed+socially+meaningful+role%2C+feelings+of%0D%0Auselessness+might+be+expected+to+be+evoked+in+a+rather%27%0D%0Asudden+and+far-reaching+manner--a+shifting+of+gears+for+which%0D%0Athey+appear+to+be+prepared+in+a+quite+limited+way.+The%0D%0AIsseis%27+traditional+pride+in+being+self-sufficient%2C+the+high%0D%0Avalues+surrounding+the+meaning+of+work%2C+the+limited+Nisei%0D%0Aand+societal+reinforcem.ent+of+the+Isseis%27+cultural+notions%0D%0Aof+respect+and+status+which+they+feel+should+be+accorded%0D%0Aolder+persons+in+their+later+years%2C+regardless+of+their+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Aductive+status--these+factors+are+viewed+as+contributing%2C%0D%0Aat+least+in+part%2C+to+making+their+position+in+retirement+a%0D%0Amore+acute+one+and+in+need+of+alleviation.%0D%0AE+ome+recognition+of+these+problems+was+expressed+by%0D%0Aleaders+in+the+Japanese+Americn+community.%0D%0ATheir+point+of%0D%0Aview+was+perhaps+most+succinctly+presented+by+one+minister%0D%0Awho+stated%2C+11+There+is+a+need+for+a+planned+recreational%0D%0Aprogram+for+elderly%2C+retired+Issei+men+and+women.+I%0D%0Awould+suggest+that+JAE+C+begin+a+program+as+soon+as+pos%C2%AD%0D%0Asible.+A+strong+orientation+program+%2C+%3Bpriov+to+beginning+such%0D%0Aactivity%2C+would+probably+be+indicated+in+view+of+the+resis%C2%AD%0D%0Atance+to+change+shown+by+this+group.+11%0D%0A%0D%0A24%0D%0A%0D%0A%2C%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CWhile+there+are+growing+numbers+of+programs+for+senior%0D%0Acitizens+throughout+the+city+%28the+Metropolitan+Center+for%0D%0AE+enior+Citizens+is+located+within+half+a+block+of+the+JASC%0D%0Abuilding%29+the+Isseis+are+not+comfortable+in+mixed+groups+where%0D%0Aother+members+are+not+of+Japanese+background+and+do+not%0D%0AThey+tend+to+stay+within+their+own+group.%0D%0Aspeak+Japanese.%0D%0AThe+Director+of+JASC+has+encouraged+people+to+go+to+the%0D%0AlYl%3Altropolitan+Center+and+even+set+up+a+special+meeting%0D%0Athere+at+one+time+for+this+purpose%2C+but+the+Isseis+showed%0D%0AAny+such+program+will+have+to+be%0D%0Aonly+minimal+response.%0D%0Aset+up.+within%C2%B7+a+Japanese+American+setting+where+the+Isseis%0D%0Afeel+at+home.%0D%0AIt+would+appear+to+be+the+responsibility+of%0D%0Athe+JAE+C+to+assume+the+leadership+in+providing+more+acti%C2%AD%0D%0Avities+for+this+age+group%2C+and+working+with+other+organiza%C2%AD%0D%0Ations+to+explore+whether+they+can+enlarge+their+ongoing+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agrams+to+accommodate+such+activities.%0D%0ANisei%0D%0AThe+original+goal+of+the+E+ervice+Committee+was+to+help%0D%0Athe+Nisei+become+an+accepted+part+of+the+greater+Chicago%0D%0Acommunity+as+rapidly+as+possible.%0D%0AOn+the+surf+ace%2C+the+goal%0D%0AHow%C2%AD%0D%0Aappears+to+have+been+accomplished+remarkably+well.%0D%0Aever%2C+it+appears+to+have+been+at+some+cost.%0D%0AToday+the%0D%0Aneeds+of+the+Niseis+seem+to+relate+to+more+internalized%0D%0Adifficulties+which+are%2C+it+would+appear%2C+partly+the+result+of%0D%0Atheir+intensive+str%3A-iving+to+become+a+conforming%2C+integral%0D%0Apart+of+the+larger+community+as+rapidly+as+possible.%0D%0AProb%C2%AD%0D%0Alems+confronting+the+Niseis+today+might+be+defined+more+in%0D%0Aterms+of+uinternal+integration.+%22%0D%0ASome+Niseis+are+facing+such+dilemmas+as+how%2C+and+what%0D%0Avalues+of+their+Japanese+background+can+they+pass+on+to%0D%0Atheir+children+which+are+compatible+with+American+society%3F%0D%0AMany+state+that+in+their+effort+to+become+accepted+and%0D%0Aintegrated%2C+they+themselves+have+lost+contact+with+Japanese%0D%0Aculture+to+such+an+extent+that+they+feel+inadequate+in+trying%0D%0Ato+transmit+certain+aspects+of+it+to+their+children.%0D%0AOther%0D%0Aconcerns+have+to+do+with+such+issues+as+changing+family+kin%C2%AD%0D%0Aship+values%2C+standards+of+conduct+and+life+goals+for+their%0D%0Achildren+and+the+need+to+possess+some+understanding+and+ap%C2%AD%0D%0Apreciation+of+Jap%2C%3A.%2C..+nese+culture.%0D%0AThe+latter+seems+to+be%0D%0A%0D%0A25%0D%0A.....%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cincreasingly+felt.+At+least+one+area+of+concern+seems+to%0D%0Astem+from+the+need+among+many+Niseis+to+socially+identify%0D%0Athemselves+more+accurately%2C+and+to+interpret+this+in+a%0D%0Amore+consistent+manner+to+their+children.%0D%0ABecause+the+Japanese+American+population+is+relatively%0D%0Asmall%2C+readily+identifiable+and+the+younger+generation+in%C2%AD%0D%0Acreasingly+moving+into+non-Japanese+neighborhoods%2C+some%0D%0Aparents+feel+pressure+that+their+children+need+to+make+an%0D%0Aextra+contribution+or+achieve+above+the+group+of+which+the%0D%0Achild+is+a+part.+As+one+person+stated%2C+%22We+%28Niseis%29+made%0D%0Aa+place+for+ourselves+so+relatively+easily+because+people%0D%0Aliked+us--the+way+we+behaved%2C+our+work+habits%2C+our+ambi%C2%AD%0D%0Ation%2C+our+industry+as+well+as+our+culture.+If+our+children%0D%0Alose+this%2C+and+are+influenced+by+adverse+elements+in+the%0D%0AAmerican+community%2C+will+they+experience+as+ready+an+ac%C2%AD%0D%0Aceptance%3F%22%0D%0AAlso%2C+as+children+approach+marriageable+age%2C+parents+have%0D%0Ato+face+the+consequences+of+their+rapid+social+integration.%0D%0AFor+instance%2C+do+they+want+their+children+to+marry+outside%0D%0Athe+Japanese+group%3F+Whether+this+in+itself+is+a+problem%0D%0Ato+them+or+not%2C+it+is+at+this+age+that+E+anseis+are+apt+to%0D%0Aface+discrimination+in+their+social+contacts.+One+parent%0D%0Asaid%2C+%22I+suddenly+realized+that+my+child+was+missing+out+on%0D%0Anormal+boy+and+girl+relationships--she+was+being+left+out+of%0D%0Amixed+social+life.%22%0D%0AThese+comments+serve+to+illustrate+some+of+the+anx%C2%AD%0D%0Aieties+shared+by+many+Nisei+parents.+E+ome+have+solved+them%0D%0Ain+part+by+returning+to+Japanese+American+churches+so+their%0D%0Achildren+can+have+relationships+with+other+Sanseis.+This+is%0D%0Anotable+in+the+churches+where+there+is+a+marked+increase+of%0D%0Afamilies+who+travel+considerable+distances+from+the+suburbs%0D%0Ato+participate+in+church+activities+in+the+city.+There+has%0D%0Abeen+a+large+increase+in+teen-agers+in+some+churches.+This%0D%0Aproblem+is+apt+to+increase+in+the+next+10+years+when+those%0D%0Anow+infants+and+children+enter+their+teens.+From+the+Com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity+E+urvey+it+can+be+projected+that+there+are+now+about%0D%0A770+young+people+between+13+and+19+years+of+age.+Compared%0D%0Awith+this+%2C+there+are+1%2C+240+between+six+and+12+years+of+age%0D%0Aand+about+1%2C350+under+six+years+of+age.%0D%0A%0D%0A26%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CSome+aspects+of+the+problem+have+been+publicly+dis%C2%AD%0D%0Acussed+in+JAC+L+forums%22+Thoughtful+leaders+%2C+however%2C%0D%0Afeel+that+there+is+a+need+to+give+more+direct+guidance+to%0D%0Aparents+in+small+groups+under+the+competent+leadership+of%0D%0Aspecialists.+This+kind+of+service+may+also+reveal+problems%0D%0Athat+would+require+more+individualized+services.+These%0D%0Aleaders+believe+that+JAE+C+should%2C+as+a+first+step%2C+set+up%0D%0Aan+informal+educational+program+dodf%3Bncd+%C2%B7co+help+parents+now%0D%0Afacing+these+issues.+Prejudice%2C+relationship+to+Issei+parents%0D%0Aand+other+problems+unique+to+Japanese+also+appear+to+need%0D%0Aattention.%0D%0AThis+type+of+program%2C+it+is+felt%2C+could+not+be+effec%C2%AD%0D%0Atively+conducted+in+a+non-Japanese+agency%2C+nor+in+mixed%0D%0Aethnic+groups.+An+extension+of+the+JAE.+C+educational+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agram+might+be+to+work+with+churches+and+other+Japanese%0D%0AAmerican+organizations+to+encourage+them+to+initiate%0D%0Asimilar+programs+and+provide+them+with+specialists+to+work%0D%0Awith+their+respective+parent+groups.+This+would+entail%0D%0Athe+development+of+a+resource+list+of+competent+persons%0D%0Aavailable+to+assist+these+groups.%0D%0Aeansei+I%0D%0AThough+organizations+and+parents+alike+speak+of+the+need%0D%0Afor+more+recreational+and+cultural+programs+for+the+Sanseis%2C%0D%0Aprograms+for+them+are+increasing+in+the+churches%2C+and+the%0D%0AJACL+is+inaugurating+an+enlarged+recreational+program+for%0D%0Athe+younger+generation+of+Japanese.+There+is+no+clear+indi%C2%AD%0D%0Acation+as+to+whether+still+further+programs+at+this+level%0D%0Awill+be+needed.+At+the+present+it+would+seem+reasonable+for%0D%0Athe+JA%27E%27C+to+leave+this+area+of+responsibility+to+these+or%C2%AD%0D%0Aganizations+which+are+already+engaged+in+providing+such+acti%C2%AD%0D%0Avities.+However%2C+should+this+increased+activity+still+not+fill%0D%0Atha+need%2C+the+JAE+C+should+re-examine+the+situation+in+the%0D%0Afuture.+Ehould+a+re-assessment+of+the+situation+be+indicated%2C%0D%0Acare+should+be+taken+to+avoid+duplication+of+programs+which%0D%0Aother+organizations+are+already+doing+o+It+would+seem+that+the%0D%0AJAE+C%27s+more+proper+present+role+might+be+in+providing+indi%C2%AD%0D%0Avidualized+services+to+Eanseis+presenting+difficulties+such+as%0D%0Adelinquent+behavior.+With+respect+to+the+latter%2C+the+Eervice%0D%0ACommittee+might+serve+another+function--namely+developing%0D%0A%0D%0A27%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cand+maintaining+some+systematic+body+of+information+and%0D%0Aliterature+on+the+Sanseis.+Juvenile+delinquency+among+the%0D%0AE+anseis%2C+particularly+those+of+an+acting-out+nature%2C+is+quite%0D%0Aoften+viewed+with+alarm+and+easily+exaggerated+as+a+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity-wide+problem.+Closer+analysis+usually+reveals+that%0D%0Athe+incidents+were+of+a+relatively+isolated+nature.+More%0D%0Aobjective+and+sophisticated+recording+of+incidents%2C+as+well%0D%0Aas+maintaining+a+closer+touch+with+general+patterns+of%0D%0AE+ansei+behavior+appear+to+be+needs+that+would+come+within%0D%0Athe+province+of+the+JAE+C%27s+role+to+serve.%0D%0ACHANGING+ROLE%0D%0AIn+view+of+these+unmet+needs%2C+it+is+felt+that+the+agency%0D%0Ashould+show+greater+flexibility+in+the+future+in+adapting+to+the%0D%0Ashifting+needs+of+the+community.+E+ome+of+these+current%0D%0Aproblems+were+elaborated+upon+in%27+the+previous+section.+If%0D%0Athese+needs+are+seen+as+valid+ones%2C+it+would+appear+that+it%0D%0Ais+clearly+within+the+role+of+the+JAE+C+to+alleviate+them%0D%0Ain+some+manner.+Moreover%2C+if+the+agency+does+recognize%0D%0Athat+it+should+provide+additional+services+focused+toward%0D%0Athese+areas+of+concern%2C+it+should+be+aware+that+the+helping%0D%0Aprocess+related+to+these+%22new+needs+II+require+a+different%0D%0Alevel+of+sophistication+than+that+which+the+agency+has+tra%C2%AD%0D%0Aditionally+assumed.+As+pointed+out+before%2C+present-day+so%C2%AD%0D%0Acial+problems+among+the+Japanese+appear+to+demand+more%0D%0Aindividualized+handling+than+in+the+past.+With+the+exception%0D%0Aof+a+relatively+small+number+of+Japanese+brides%2C+Niseis%0D%0Afrom+Hawaii+and+recent+immigrants+from+Japan+who+are%0D%0Astill+in+need+of+the+kind+of+orientation+and+transitional%0D%0Aassistance+originally+provided+to+the+large+number+of+evacuees%2C%0D%0Atoday%27s+areas+of+social+conflict+appear+more+bound+up+within%0D%0Athe+individual.+This+might+mean+that+the+agency+would+have%0D%0Ato+incorporate+a+somewhat+modified+philosophy+of+service%0D%0Awhich+would+embrace+the+notions+of+enabling+those+served+to%0D%0Aresolve+personal-cultural+conflicts+and+working+with+smaller%0D%0Anumbers+in+more+specialized+ways.+Furthermore%2C+it+implies%0D%0Agiving+assistance+to+clients+in+a+more+sustained+fashion.%0D%0A%0D%0A28%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CIn+order+to+more+fully+appreciate+the+agency%27s+present%0D%0Aposition%2C+it+might+be+helpful+to+again+briefly+review+its+his%C2%AD%0D%0Atory.+Traditionally%2C+its+information-referral+service+has%0D%0Aserved+as+the+core+of+the+agency%27s+program.+Its+basic%0D%0Arationale+was+addressed+to+the+primary+goal+of+facilitating%0D%0Aintegration+of+the+Japanese+newcomers+into+the+majority%0D%0Asociety.+Mass+social+and+recreational+programs+served+to%0D%0Aestablish+and+renew+social+relationships+broken+by+the+relo%C2%AD%0D%0Acation.+More+importantly%2C+these+programs+gave+the+uncer%C2%AD%0D%0Atain+new+arrivals+a+sense+of+cohesiveness+and+safety.%0D%0AThrough+the+stability+gained+from+these+programs+and+the%0D%0Ainformation-referral+service+of+the+agency+paving+the+way%0D%0Afor+introduction+into+a+strange+city%2C+the+Japanese+entered%0D%0Ainto+the+stream+of+the+larger+community+life+with+remarkable%0D%0Arapidity.+During+this+phase+the+Service+Committee+dealt+with%0D%0Atremendous+numbers+of+people+in+a+more+gross+kind+of+service%0D%0Astrategy.+This+phase%2C+by+and+large%2C+now+belongs+to+the%0D%0Apast.%0D%0AAlthough+the+cr1s1s+situation+that+brought+about+the%0D%0Aestablishment+of+the+agency+is+long+since+past%2C+the+JAEC%0D%0Ahas+appeared+to+continue+to+give+the+same+type+of+services%0D%0Ayears+later%2C+perhaps+in+a+different+way%2C+certainly%2C+from%0D%0Aa+statistical+point+of+view%2C+to+fewer+numbers+of+people.%0D%0AAs%C2%B7+a+consequence%2C+there+was+increasing+question+of+justifi%C2%AD%0D%0Acation+for+existence--were+its+services+still+needed%3F+No%0D%0Areal+serious+attempts+were+made+to+evaluate+its+status+un%C2%AD%0D%0Atil+the+formation+of+the+E+tudy+Committee.+The+Study+Com%C2%AD%0D%0Amittee%2C+theref+ore%2C+clearly+made+a+much+needed+evaluation%0D%0Aand+a+bringing+up+to+date+of+the+kinds+of+problems+being%0D%0Aexperienced+by+the+present+community%2C+as+well+as+guidance%0D%0Atoward+what+possible+future+role+the+JAE+C+might+address%0D%0Aitself+to.%0D%0A%0D%0Ars%0D%0A%0D%0ARECOMMENDATIONS+FOR+FUTURE+PROGRAM%0D%0AOn+the+basis+of+the+total+body+of+information+secured+and%0D%0Aevaluated+by+the+Study+Committee+and+the+consultant%2C+the%0D%0Amany+discussions+held+by+the+sub-committees%2C+the+Issei+Ad%C2%AD%0D%0Avisory+Committee+and+the+Board+of+Directors%2C+the+following%0D%0Arecommendations+by+the+Study+Committee+were+made+to%2C+and%0D%0Aapproved+by%2C+the+Board+at+its+November%2C+1960+meeting%3A%0D%0A%0D%0A29%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CThere+appears+to+be+no+question+that+the+E+ervice%0D%0ACommittee+is+performing+a+meaningful+service+to+a+wide%0D%0Arange+of+Japanese+in+the+Chicago+area.+It+is+strongly%0D%0Arecommended+that+the+JAE%2CC+continue+its+present+services.%0D%0AIssei+Workshop%0D%0AA+workshop+should+be+established+to+provide+work+ac%C2%AD%0D%0Ativity+for+Isseis+who+are+defined+as+unemployable+in+the+re%C2%AD%0D%0Agular+labor+market+due+to+advanced+age%2C+physical+limitations%0D%0Aor+because+of+their+cultural+restrictions.%0D%0AA+basic+hypothesis+of+the+workshop+program+is+that+the%0D%0Aaffording+of+a+productive+work+role+to+the+Isseis+would+en%C2%AD%0D%0Aable+them+to+attain+greater+feelings+of+self+respect+and%0D%0Aworthwhileness+in+their+later+years.%0D%0AInherent+in+the+Japanese+culture+to+which+the+Issei%0D%0Aprimarily+addresses+himself+is+the+high+degree+of+respecta%C2%AD%0D%0Ability+and+status+accorded+the+aged.+This+recognition+is+seen%0D%0Aas+being+given+independently+of+whether+the+aged+person+is%0D%0Aengaged+in+economically+productive+work+activity.+This+pre%C2%AD%0D%0Asents+a+contrast+to+American+cultural+expectations+in+which%0D%0Athe+individual%27s+worth+appears+to+rest+much+more+firmly+on%0D%0Ahis+productive+work+role.+As+a+consequence%2C+his+value+as%0D%0Aa+member+of+society+greatly+diminishes+in+his+later+years.%0D%0AIt+is+held+that+the+Nisei%27s+rapid+incorporation+of+Ameri%C2%AD%0D%0Acan+values+poses+many+restrictions+in+his+providing+the+needed%0D%0Areinforcement+of+Issei+expectations+in+his+role+as+an+elder%2C%0D%0Aand+that+this+is+a+source+of+conflict+in+the+family+relation%C2%AD%0D%0Aship.+The+larger+society+provides+even+less+sanctions+of+the%0D%0AIssei%27s+role.+This+is+compounded+by+the+Issei%27s+marked+limi%C2%AD%0D%0Atations+in+seeking+social+meaningfulness+through+other+possi%C2%AD%0D%0Able+resources+in+the+larger+society.%0D%0AIt+might+be+questioned+whether+there+is+a+contradiction%0D%0Ain+such+a+work+program+for+the+Isseis+since+it+was+pointed%0D%0Aout+that+in+Japanese+culture+the+older+person+secures+status%0D%0Aand+recognition+more+independent+of+his+economic+contributions.%0D%0A%0D%0A30%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CHowever%2C+the+%22contradiction+II+may+be+more+apparent+than%0D%0Areal.+It+is+assumed+that+social+and+cultural+values+in+all%0D%0Acultures+are+present+to+some%C2%B7+degree+in+some+similarity+of%0D%0Afunction%2C+if+not+in+form.+Also%2C+it+is+held+that+the+Isseis%0D%0Ahave+incorporated+some+of+the+American+ways+of+thinking%0D%0Ain+a+meaningful+manner.+The+stress+on+work+shown+the%0D%0AIssei%2C+in+addition+to+the+fact+that+they+will+possess+some%0D%0Aminimal+earnings+which+would+likely+enhance+greater+feelings%0D%0Aof+self-sufficiency%2C+also+favor+the+notion+of+the+workshop%0D%0Aprogram+as+an+effective+means+of+providing+services+to+the%0D%0AIsseis.+Although+more+speculative%2C+it+might+be+hypothesized%0D%0Athat+Issei+participation+in+the+work+program+may+serve+to%0D%0Ahelp+alleviate+misunderstandings%2C+and+facilitate+more+commu%C2%AD%0D%0Anication%2C+in+relationships+with+their+Nisei+children.+The+fact%0D%0Athat+the+Issei+is+working+and+actively+extending+himself+in%0D%0Aa+socially+meaningful+way+is+mutually+agreed+upon+by+both%0D%0Agenerations+%E2%80%A2%0D%0AThe+rationale+of+providing+work+activity+in+a+benign%2C%0D%0Anon-competitive+setting+for+the+Isseis+is+also+seen+as+cons%C2%AD%0D%0Atituting+a+pivot+in+the+sense+of+its+providing+a+%22point+of%0D%0Aengagement+II+in+the+helping+process+since+it+clearly+avoids%0D%0Aconveying+to+the+Issei+that+he+is+dependent+and+helpless%3B+it%0D%0Apreserves+his+%22self+pride%22+and+his+feelings+of+social+useful%C2%AD%0D%0Aness.+With+such+a+basic+strategy+of+service+to+the+Issei%0D%0Apopulation+%22sensitive%27%27+areas+of+the+Isseis+might+be+more%0D%0Aprotected+and+hence%2C+more+generally+reachable+and+accepting%0D%0Aof+assistance.+For+instance%2C+the+idea+of+a+residence+for+the%0D%0Aaged+might+not+be+as+threatening+since+the+workshop+pro%C2%AD%0D%0Agram+lends+the+basis+for+Isseis+evaluating+themselves+in+a%0D%0Amore+positive%2C+productive+role%2C+whereas+direct+confrontation%0D%0Aof+the+Issei+as+no+longer+being+able+to+care+for+himself%2C%0D%0Asuch+as+is+inherent+in+asking+him+how+he+feels+about+extab%C2%AD%0D%0Alishing+an+%22old+age+home%22%2C+appears+altogether+too+threaten%C2%AD%0D%0Aing+and+distasteful.%0D%0AIt+is+possible+that+the+idea+of+a+home+for+the+aged%0D%0Acould+gain+impetus+from%2C+and+on+the+basis+of%2C+the+ideas+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunicated+through+the+work+program.+It+is+also+possible%0D%0Athat+a+residence+for+the+aged+could+develop+around+.the+work%C2%AD%0D%0Ashop+itself+as+a+focal+point.+Briefly+put%2C+such+a+workshop%0D%0A%0D%0A31%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cprogram+might+readily+serve+as+a+basis+7+or+springboard+for%0D%0Adeveloping+other+possible+service+programs+for+the+Isseis.%0D%0AIt+is+suggested+that+the+workshop+program+be+estab%C2%AD%0D%0Alished+as+a+pilot+type+program+on+a+limited+basis%2C+perhaps%0D%0Abeginning+with+six+to+eight+workers+working+three+halfdays+a+week.%0D%0AWork+would+derive+from+sub-contracts+with%0D%0ALight+packaging%2C%0D%0Avarious+firms+throughout+the+city.%0D%0Aassembly+and+mailing+tasks+are+the+most+readily+available%0D%0Akinds+of+sub-contract+work.%0D%0AThey+also+generally+require+the%0D%0Aleast+amount+of+space+and+equipment.%0D%0AIt+is+recommended+that+workers+be+paid+somewhere+be%C2%AD%0D%0Atween+60%C2%A2+and+70%C2%A2+an+hour.%0D%0AIncome+from+sub-contract+work%0D%0Adone+should+ideally+roughly+approximate+wages+paid+out+to%0D%0Aworkers.%0D%0AIt+is+further+recommended+that+the+program+maintain%0D%0Aclose+contact+with+other+such+workshops+throughout+the%0D%0Acity+with+regard+to+operational+and+.professional+standards%0D%0Aand+uniform+sub-contract+pricing+policies.%0D%0AIdeally%2C+the+work%C2%AD%0D%0Ashop+committee+should+be+composed+of+both+professional+and%0D%0Abusiness+people.%0D%0AInformal+Edu+ca+tional+Prog%3Bram%0D%0AIt+is+recommended+that+the+agency+strengthen+its+in%C2%AD%0D%0Aformal+educational+program.%0D%0AThree+additional+methods+are%0D%0Abeing+recommended+to+meet+the+shifting+needs+of+the+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity.%0D%0AThese+include%3A+1%29+publication+of+educational+pam%C2%AD%0D%0Aphlets%3B+2%7D+more+active+utilization+of+group+discussion+tech%C2%AD%0D%0Aniques%3B+and+3%29+the+establishment+of+a+library-information%0D%0Acenter.%0D%0AEducationaL+%EF%BF%BDhle_tc%0D%0AThis+program+should+be+specifically+designed+to+serve+at%C2%B7%0D%0Aleast+three+functions+with+respect+to+the+needs+of+the%0D%0ANisei+population%3B%0D%0Aa%29+provide+a+service+to+Niseis+in+helping%0D%0Athem+become+more+aware+of%2C+and+therefore+handle+more%0D%0Aeconomically%2C+cultural+problems+unique+to+them%3B+b%29+as+a%0D%0A%0D%0A32%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cmedium+whereby+greater+communication+with+the+Nisei+com%C2%AD%0D%0Amunity+and+its+needs+might+be+more+accurately+established%0D%0Aand+appraised%3B+c%29+as+a+basis+from+which+future+program%0D%0Amight+be+planned+%28+see+below%29+%E2%80%A2%0D%0AThe+content+of+the+pamphlets+might+relate+to+such%0D%0Aproblems+as+parent-child+relationship+among+both+Nisei+and%0D%0AIssei+as+well+as+Nisei+and+Sansei%3B+encouragement+of+Niseis%0D%0Ato+be+more+informed%2C+and+make+more+active+use+of+othe1%EF%BF%BD%0D%0Aappropriate+agencies+and+institutions%EF%BF%BD+particularly+where%0D%0Aemotional+problems+are+involved%3B+more+adequate+handling+of%0D%0Aprejudices+against+one+a.s+a+Japanese%3B+general+problems+of%0D%0Aacculturation+such+a.s+assisting+acculturated+Niseis+in+their%0D%0Aneed+to+re-incorporate+certain+aspects+of+their+Japanese%0D%0Abackgroud.%0D%0AUtilization+o..f..+C%EF%BF%BD_r%3F%2C%EF%BF%BDJ%3F.+D%21%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDssion+%27f%27echniques%0D%0AHaving+provid3d+some+minimal+location+of+cultural+prob%C2%AD%0D%0Alems+through+the+pamphkr%3A%3A%3As%2C+subsequent+programming+might%0D%0Arelate+to+two+additional+levels+of+services.%0D%0AThey+are%3A%0D%0A1%29%0D%0A%0D%0AStimulation+of+group+discussions+on+similar+topics%0D%0Ain+the+churches+and+other+organizations.%0D%0A%0D%0A2%29%0D%0A%0D%0ADevelopment+of+more+sustained+kinds+of+group%0D%0Acounseling+sessions+at+the+JASC.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+communi%C2%B7ty+has+long+experienced%2C+periodically%2C+forum%0D%0Atype+discussions+of+issues+pertaining+to+the+Japanese+in+Chi%C2%AD%0D%0Acago.%0D%0AThese+serve+the+purpose+of+allowing+participants+to%0D%0Averbalize+and+sharpen+the+formulation+of+various+concerns%2C+but%0D%0Athey+remain+on+a+polite%2C+public+level+of+social+interaction+in%C2%AD%0D%0Avolvi-+%C2%B7-%3A%3A+large+groups+o%0D%0AIt+is+felt+that+these+kinds+of+dis%C2%AD%0D%0Acussions+should+continue+to+be+stimulated.%0D%0AHowever%2C+as+in%C2%AD%0D%0Adicated+above%2C+it+is+bdng+recommended+that+the+JAE+C+estab%C2%AD%0D%0Alish+a+program+designed+to+provide+more+intimate+and+frank%0D%0Aexpressions+of+feeling+around+problems+of+a+more+personal%C2%AD%0D%0Acultural+nature.%0D%0AThese+groups+should+be+kept+small%2C+thereby%0D%0Aassuring+an+opportunity+for+resolution%2C+and+more+extended%0D%0Aexploration+and+cla%3A%21%27.%22ifi.catlo%3A%3A%3Ai+of+feelings+a.nd+attitudes+than%0D%0A%0D%0A33%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cthat+provided+by+forum+type+discussions.%0D%0AIt+is+also+recom%C2%AD%0D%0Amended+that+these+groups+be+under+the+guidance+of+well%0D%0Atrained+persons.%0D%0AIn+addition+to+the+Niseis%2C+there+are+sug%C2%AD%0D%0Agestions+that+this+kind+of+program+might+also+profitably+be%0D%0AutiUzed+by+other+segments+of+the+population%2C+such+as+the%0D%0AThe%0D%0AJapanese+brides%2C+their+husbands%2C+Isseis+and+Eanseis.%0D%0Aformer+might+find+this.+medium+especially+helpful+in+resolving%0D%0Aconfusion+resulting+from+contrasting+cultural+expectations.%0D%0AA+program+structure+of+this+nature+makes+possible+a%0D%0Amore+orderly+referral+of+individuals+from+one+level+of+serv%C2%AD%0D%0Aice+to+another.%0D%0AThus%2C+individuals+who+participate+in+dis%C2%AD%0D%0Acussions+in+their+church+group+but+feel+a+need+for+more%0D%0Athorough+exploration+in+the+JAE+C+program+can+be+readily%0D%0Areferred+since+by+the+very+nature+of+the+total+scheme+of%0D%0Athe+program%2C+communication+pathways+are+astablished+and+mu%C2%AD%0D%0Atually+understood+by+the+community+and+the+agency.%0D%0AOn+the%0D%0Aother+hand%2C+if+severe+emotional+problems+are+indicated+in%0D%0Athe+sessions+at+the+JAEC%2C+such+individuals+might+be+con%C2%AD%0D%0Asidered+or+prepared+for+referral+to+other+agencies+more%0D%0Aproperly+qualified+to+handle+such+problems.%0D%0ALibrary-Information+Center%0D%0AIt+is+recommended+that+a+library-information+center+be%0D%0Aestablished+to+extend+to+both+the+Japanese+and+non-Japanese%0D%0Acommunity+a+systematized+body+of+literature+on+various%0D%0Aaspects+of+the+Japanese+people+and+culture.%0D%0AIts+content%0D%0Amight+consist-+of+Jap%27.lnese+literary+works+%28in+both+Japanese%0D%0Aand+Engl+ish%29+%3B+psychological%2C+sociological+and+anthropological%0D%0Aarticles+on+the+Japanese+in+professional+journals%3B+various%0D%0Abooks+on+the+Japane%C2%B7se+in+America%3B+vernacular+and+English%0D%0Aperiodicals+and+newspapers+pertinent+to+the+Japanese%3B+var%C2%AD%0D%0Aiou%EF%BF%BD+JAE%3EC+committee+reports%3B+and+various+other+data+per%C2%AD%0D%0Ataining+to+the+Japanese+in+Chicago%2C+such+as+a+listing+of+var%C2%AD%0D%0Aio1.%2Bs+organizations+in+the+Japanese+community.%0D%0AA+library-information+cent%EF%BF%BDr+of+this+nature+would+serve%0D%0Aseveral+functions%3A%0D%0Al%29+a%2CFi+a+means+for+leisurely+reading+for%0D%0Athe+Japanese+reading+segment+of+the+population.%0D%0AEuch+ma%C2%AD%0D%0Aterial+would+serve+a+further+function+for+this+group%2C+i.e.%2C%0D%0A%0D%0A34%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cas+a+means+of+reinforcing+their+kinship+with+more+tradi-%C2%AD%0D%0Ational+Japanese+mode%2Cs+of+esthetic+expressions%3B+2%29+as+a%0D%0Asource+for+various+individuals%2C+both+Japanese+and+non%C2%AD%0D%0AJapanese%2C+who+wish+to+inquire+about+some+aspect+of%0D%0AJapanese+culture+1+or+the+Japanese+in+America+for+research%2C%0D%0Aterm+paper+or+esthetic+reasons%3B+and+3%29+as+a+means+for%0D%0Astaff+use+and+development+o%0D%0A%EF%BF%BD+ocial+Recrcationa%21%0D%0A%0D%0AProg%EF%BF%BDm%0D%0A%0D%0AIt+is+recommenc%3Aed+that+the+agency+establish+a+lounge%0D%0Aarea+conducive+to+more+esthetic+and+leisurely+exchange+of%0D%0Asocial+contacts+and+so+designed+that+it+could+also+be+used%0D%0Aas+a+meeting+place.%0D%0AIt+is+also+recommended+that+the+JASC+seriously+ex%C2%AD%0D%0Aplore+the+possibilities+of+offering+a+daytime+social-recreational+program+for+the+Issei+between+Monday+and+Friday.+Day%C2%AD%0D%0Atime+social+activities+f+01%EF%BF%BD+the+Isseis+during+mid-week+are+prac%C2%AD%0D%0Atically+non-existent+in+the+city%2C+most+of+them+occurring%0D%0Aduring+the+evenings+E.nd+on+weekdays+and+on+week+ends.+It%0D%0Ais+felt+that+such+a+cocial-recreational+program+should+be+de%C2%AD%0D%0Asigned+to+provide+enjoyment+of+more+traditional+Japanese%0D%0Asocializations+for+the+Issei.+The+various+Japanese+periodicals%0D%0Ain+the+library--information+center+might+readily+complement%0D%0Asuch+a+program.+Movies+of+Japan%2C+recordings+of+Japanese%0D%0Amusic+and+the+serving+o%3Af+Japanese+delicacies+might+also+con%C2%AD%0D%0Atribute+to+a+meaningft%EF%BF%BDl+body+of+pleasant+experiences+giving%0D%0Asupport+to+their+most+comfortable%2C+accustomed+modes+of%0D%0Asocial+enjoyment.%0D%0APublic+Relations%0D%0AIn+view+of+tho+2.bDc%3A1.ce+of+any+organized+public+relations%0D%0Aprogram+with+the+Nisei+community+for+the+past+six+.years%2C%0D%0Ait+is+stron%5B%3A%3A%3Bly+urGcd+that+a+wen.+planned+public+relations+program+be+immediately+revived.+Th%EF%BF%BDs+is+of+special+importance+be%C2%AD%0D%0Acauce+of+the+increa%3A%3A%3A%3Bing+need+for+their+potential+support+of+the%0D%0AJASC+due+to+diminishing+contributions+from+the+Isseis.+Also%2C%0D%0Athe+Niseis+are+presently+in+a+far+better+position+economically+than%0D%0Atheir+Isse%EF%BF%BD+counte%3Ar%C2%B7part.+More+active+utilization+of+the+services%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Cof+the+JASC+should+also+be+encouraged.+It+appears+to+be%0D%0Aa+particularly+opportune+time+to+re-establish+the+public+rela%C2%AD%0D%0Ations+program+with+the+Nisei+in+view+of+the+new+programs%0D%0Abeing+recommended+by+the+E.+tudy+Committee.+The+latter%0D%0Aafford+an+opportunity+to+rebuild+the+public+image.+of+the%0D%0AJASC+as+a+vital+organization%2C+prepared+to+serve+the+pre%C2%AD%0D%0Asent+day+needs+of+the+Japanese+American+community+and%0D%0Aoffset+the+impression+some+people+have+had+of+it+as+being%0D%0Asomewhat+questionably+in+existence+since+the+relocation%0D%0Aphase+has+long+been+a+thing+of+the+past.+There+is+also+the%0D%0Anotion+that+the+JAEC+is+an+Issei+organization%2C+run+by+them%0D%0Aand+for+them%2C+which+has+in+some+ways+inhibited+greater+Nisei%0D%0Asupport.%0D%0AIt+is+recommended+that+the+agency+consider+the+fol%C2%AD%0D%0Alowing+means+of+strengthening+the+public+relations+program+%3A%0D%0A1%29%0D%0A%0D%0APublish+an+agency+brochure+depicting+the+work%0D%0Aof+the+JASC.%0D%0A%0D%0A2%29%0D%0A%0D%0APublish+a+quarterly+publication+of+an+agency%0D%0Abulletin.%0D%0A%0D%0A3%29%0D%0A%0D%0APublish+an+annual+report.%0D%0A%0D%0A4%29%0D%0A%0D%0AEstablish+an+annual%2C+major+fund+raising+special%0D%0Aevent+specifically+geared+toward+the+Nisei.%0D%0A%0D%0A5%29+More+actively+solicit+Nisei+members%2C+.particularly%0D%0Athrough+personal+contacts.%0D%0AAdministration%0D%0AIn+order+to+maximally+implement+the+above+recommenda%C2%AD%0D%0Ations%2C+and+the+philosophy+of+service+that+they+represent%2C+it%0D%0Ais+clearly+recognized+that+the+agency+would+require+the+serv%C2%AD%0D%0Aices+of+a+full-time+administrator.+The+study+unquestionably%0D%0Aconcludes+that+the+present+D%2Cirector+is+altogether+too+burdened%0D%0Awith+a+wide+range+of+duties.+As+a+consequence%2C+the+agency%0D%0Ahas+suffered%2C+particularly+in+the+administration+of+it.+In%0D%0A%0D%0A36%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Chis+efforts+to+maintain+his+various+duties%2C+the+present%0D%0ADirector+has+frequently+worked+to+the+point+of+exhaustion.%0D%0AAlso%2C+because+of+these+circumstances%2C+the+Director+has%0D%0Anot+been+allowed+to+develop+new+programs+in+keeping+with%0D%0Acurrent+needs.%0D%0AIf+the+E%3Atudy+Committee+recommendations+are+to+be%0D%0Aseriously+carried+through%2C+they+suggest+that+the+future%0D%0Astaff+organization+should+limit+the+range+of+functions+per%C2%AD%0D%0Aformed+by+a+given+person+to+more+specific+areas+and+levels%0D%0Aof+competence.%0D%0AThe+present+Director+has+shown+himself%0D%0Ato+be+especially+effective+in+working+with+the+Isseis+and%0D%0AJapanese+brides.%0D%0AThis+is+partially+due+to+the+fact+that+he%0D%0Ais+bilingual+and+possesses+sensitivity+to+both+Japanese+and%0D%0AAmerican+cultures.%0D%0AIt+is+hoped+that+the+present+Director%0D%0Acan+be+relieved+of+his+administrative+functions+so+that+he%0D%0Acan+continue+working+with+the+Japanese+speaking+population%0D%0Aas+he+has%2C+and+in+addition+direct+the+newly+%3Bproposed+programs%0D%0Afor+the+Isseis.%0D%0AThe+Study+Committee+recommends+that+the+adminis%C2%AD%0D%0Atrator+be+paid+within+a+salary+range+of+%247+%2C%2C000-%249%2C000+so%0D%0Aas+to+give+assurance+that+there+is+a+likelihood+of+securing%0D%0AIt+is+also+recommended%0D%0Aand+retaining+a+well+qualified+person.%0D%0Athat+the+administrator%2C+preferably%2C+possesses+a+master%27s%0D%0Adegree+in+social+work+or+some+allied+field+pertaining+to+human%0D%0Arelations.%0D%0AIt+is+desirable+that+he+possess+some+supervisory%0D%0AThe+dutie%EF%BF%BD+of+the+administrator+are+seen+as%0D%0Aexperience%2C%0D%0Afollows%3A+1%29+assume+responsibility+for+the+total+operation%0D%0Aof+the+agency%3B%0D%0A2%29+supervision+of+staff%3B+3%29+development+of%0D%0Aprograms%3B+4%29+participation+in+fund+raising+and+public+rela%C2%AD%0D%0Ations+activities%3B+and+5%29+prepare+the+annual+budget+of+the%0D%0Aagency.%0D%0A%0D%0AIt+is+strongly+recommended+that+the+agency+closely%0D%0Aexamine+its+method+o%3Af+recording+service+activities%2C+parti%C2%AD%0D%0Acularly+with+refere.nc+e.+to+individuals+receiving+counseling%2C%0D%0Awelfare+and+employment+services.%0D%0AIn+these+instances+more%0D%0A%0D%0A37%0D%0A%0D%0A%0Ccomplet8+information+about+the+client+as+well+as+a+des%C2%AD%0D%0Acriptive+record+of+contacts+should+be+included+in+a+record%0D%0Aof+some+standard+form.+Such+information+as+how+the%0D%0Aclient+came+to+JAE+C%2C+his+presenting+problem%2C+previous%0D%0Acontacts+and+how+the+problem+situation+is+and%2For+was%0D%0Ahandled%2C+are+seen+as+meaningful+areas+of+description.%0D%0AMore+systematic+record+keeping+is+needed+to+provide%0D%0Ainformation+on+the+basis+of+which%3A+1%29+the+history+of+con%C2%AD%0D%0Atacts+with+a+given+client+may+more+quickly+and+accurately%0D%0Abe+perceived%3B+2%29+a+more+accurate+statistical+picture+of+the%0D%0Arange+and+pattern+of+problems+being+seen+at+JASC+can%0D%0Abe+easily+compiled%3B+and+3%29+periodic+assessment+of+the%0D%0Aagency%27s+program+can+be+more+readily+made+when+needed.%0D%0AEince+only+a+limited+body+of+systematically+recorded+data%0D%0Awere+available+to+the+study+group%2C+forms+had+to+be+specially%0D%0Aconstructed+to+secure+pertinent+kinds+of+information+which%0D%0Awould+lend+themselves+to+meaningful+interpretation.+This%0D%0Awas+an+extremely+time+consuming+procedure+since+a+repre%C2%AD%0D%0Asentative+sampling+of+cases+was+necessary+over+a+period+of%0D%0Atime.%0D%0AMore+adequate+recording+is+also+seen+as+facilitating%0D%0Aeconomical+and+reliable+transmission+of+relevant+information%0D%0Aon+given+clknts+betwec%3A%3B%3Ai+present+staff+members%2C+between%0D%0Apresent+c%3A-nd+additional+staff+and+between+present+and+future%0D%0Astaff.%0D%0AB+card+of+Directors%0D%0AThe+2.gency+is+urged+to+assess+its+present+board+struc%C2%AD%0D%0Ature+and%3A+and+functioning.+Of+a+total+number+of+close+to+SO%0D%0Amembers+roughly+a+third+c.ppear+to+be+active+in+some+sustained%0D%0Aform.+Of+those+who+appear+to+be+active%2C+long-term+respon%C2%AD%0D%0Asibilities+ai-c+no%C2%B7t%2C+tn+most+instances%2C+clearly+delineated.%0D%0AMapy%0D%0Aof+the+stated+positions%2C+such+as+committee+chairmen%2C+seem%0D%0Ato+possess+hcnor%EF%BF%BDry+connotations+rather+than+functional%2C%0D%0Aworking+roles.+At+the+ti%3Ane+of+the+study+no+real+working%0D%0Acommittee+appeared+to+be+currently+functioning+in+a+manner%0D%0Agiving+evidence+of+a+continuing+process.%0D%0A%0D%0A38%0D%0A%0D%0A%0CAlthough+the+agcncy1+s+by-laws+state+a+board+member%27s%0D%0Aterm+as+ono+year%2C+in+actual+practice+the+term+of+office+is%0D%0Aof+indefinite+dura.tion.+It+is+felt+that+this+practice+con%C2%AD%0D%0Atribu+te3+to+the+problem+of+maintaining+inactive+board+mem%C2%AD%0D%0Abers+indefinitely+and+docs+little+to+invite+%22new+blood%22+into%0D%0Athe+board.%0D%0AIt+is+tho+ref+ore+recommended+that+the+agency+examine%0D%0Aits+board+ctructure+and+functioning+closely%2C+with+particular%0D%0Aattention+to+development+of+a+more+functional+board.+This%0D%0Ais+not+to+n.ltoGother+deny+the+value+of+honorary+positions%0D%0Afor+given+mcmbc%3A%3A..%223%2C+particularly+in+instances+where+these%0D%0Amembers+give+substantial+financial%C2%B7.support+to+the+agency.%0D%0AIt+is+ougge3tod%C2%B7+tha%2Cc+more+specific+responsibilities+be%0D%0Aassign%EF%BF%BDd+to+board+members+and+that+special+effort+be+made+to%0D%0Ainvite+greater+engagement+of+members+on+a+more+sustained%2C%0D%0Aworking+foundation.%0D%0AIn+view+of+%C2%B7the+fo%3A.%22egoing+program+recommendations+prcu%0D%0Aviously+cut%21%3A.nc%3Ad%2C+it+is+clear+that+the+nature+of+the+board%0D%0A%2C%3B-%3Brill+pl2.7+a+very+critical+role+in+determining+how+the+rccommen%C2%AD%0D%0Ada%27..%3A%3AionG+%C2%B7%2C+%2C-%C2%B7%E2%80%A2%3A.+r%27.+t%EF%BF%BD%3A.o+%E2%80%A2I%27J.t%C2%B7_%3Ar0+total+body+of+thinking+-+will+be%0D%0Aultim2..tcly+directed.%0D%0A%0D%0A39%0D%0A%0D%0A%0C&collection=6">JAPANESE AMERICAN SERVICE COMMITTEE lllO North LaSalle St. Chicago 10 , Illinois FINAL REPORT OF SPECIAL STUDY COMMITTEE Daniel K. Kil.zuhara, Chairman Janet P. Murray, Consultant December 15, 1961 AC:KNOWI.EDGMENT The Japanese American Service Committee wishes to gratefully acknowledge the $3800 grant by the Chicago Community Trust which made the study and publication possible. The Japanese American E.ervice Com mittee is a non-profit organization which is a member of the Welfare Council of Metro politan Chicago and is endorsed by the Association of Commerce and Industry. It is supported through membership dues and general contributions from the community, Community Fund, Chicago City Missionary E. ociety and the Chicago Commu nity Trust. SPECIAL STUDY COMMITTEE Daniel K. Kuzuhara, Chairman Community Survey Subcommittee -- Toshiko Misaki, Chairman Corrmittee Members: Terry Akagi Paul Ase Jiei Nakama Joe Takehara Hank Tanabe Hana Tani Education Subcommittee--Ruth Kumata, Chairman Committee Members: Nancy Kurotsuchi Ruby Nakagawa Fred Okita Frank Kajikawa Public Relations Subcommittee -- Betty Kanameishi, Chairman Committee Members: Hana Eejima Tom Mura Social-Recreation Subcommittee -- Lillian Kimura, Chairman Committee Members: Mary Sabusawa Tom Teraji Kiyo Yoshimura Social Welfare Subcommittee -- Rev. S. Mchael Yasutake, Chairman Committee Members: !Yhry Koga Helen Mukoyama Vocational & Employment Subcommittee -- Yoji Ozaki, Chairman Committee Members: Katherine Ase Pat Matsumoto Ways and Means Subcommittee -- Richard Yamada, Chairman ISSEI ADVISORY COMMITTEE Kohachiro Sugimoto Bunji Takano Harry Tanaka Enjiro Watanabe George K. Kittaka, Chairman Mieki Hayano Tomonao Iino Yutaka Kanemoto Eizo Nishi BOARD OF DIRECTORS - 1959-60 President: Abe Hagiwara Vice Presidents: Daniel K. Kuzuhara, Kohachiro Sugimoto, Bunji Takano, George Teraoka Treasurers: Secretary: Auditors: Ex-Officio: Tadaichi Okuhara, Enjiro Watanabe Ruth Kumata George K. Kittaka, Eizo Nishi, Harry Yoshie Tanaka Noboru Honda, Thomas Masuda, Harry Mayeda Richard H. Yamada Executive Director: Kenji Nakane Assistant to Director: Paruko Kanemoto BOARD MEMBERS Paul Ase Dr. Ben T. Chikaraishi Tomi Domoto Harvard Fujiwara Jisei Fukuda Kitty Gottfried Yukio Hashiguchi Miyeki Hayano Torao Hidaka Charles Hiura Helen Hori Junzo Ideno Tomonao Iino Kiyoshl Joichi Chiye Kagami Frank Kajikawa Betty Kanameishi Yutaka Kanemoto Yoshikazu Kawaguchi Lillian Kimura Mary Koga Koichi Matsumoto Toshiko Misaki Edward Morioka Helen Mukoyama Yoriaki Nakagawa Takaharu Nishi Ryozo Ogura Paul Otake Yoji Ozaki Smoky Sakurada Yuzo Shibayama (cont.) Board Members (cont. ) Tom ejir o Ehigetome Mannosuke E hirais i h Ma r y Eonoda Fran k Takahas hi Taisuk o e Ta k a as i h h T g r Ju n u i a Jiro Y magu c h R v e . E • Mic ha i e Y s t a u ake l BOARD OF DIRECTOR S 196 - 0-6 1 President: Daniel K. Kuzuhara Vic e Presidents: Dr. Een Chika rais hi George , Toshik o Mis ak Pun Ta k a no i i , j Tomonao Treasurers: E ecretar Auditors: y : Rut Eizo h Tadai ch Iino, Ok i u h K. K ittaka, a a r Kumata Nishi, Harr y Yoshie T n aka a , BOARD MEMBERS (Additions to 195 9-6 0 Ba o r Hiroshi May ed a eo Wa kama ts Shig u d Li s G eo tin g ) r ge T er a oka ADVISORY Rev. Ak i Eallar Russe W. d ll Helen P. Eu ll Ear Dr. l Dr. Rev. Geor g EOARD E. Dickerson Melville J. Kitagawa Joe Chiak i Leo Lerner Mrs. Emile Robert Judge Georg e Judge Dr. W. Levy Merriam E. McKibben McGoort P. Curtiss Georg e Edward W. L. J. Stewart Rev. Alva John H. Mrs. Kuzuhara E. John Ellis Falls Herskovit G. Arthur Rev. Dean e John Reese Quilic i Sparling Tompkins H. Weddell Weddell y s TABLE OF CONTENTS PART II Page The JAE. C The JAE C As E een by the American Community The in Relation to the Community Japanese 6 JAE C As E een by Non -Japanese ganizations and Agencies PART CONCLUSIONS AND Present l Or 14 III RECO:tvMENDATIONS Picture - 17 Unmet Needs 23 Changing Role - 28 Recommendations for Future Program 29 PART II THE .JASC IN RELATION TO THE COMMUNITY The second part of the study was designed to assess the attitudes of Japanese Americans and representatives of or ganizations (both Japanese and non-Japanese) toward the Japanese American Eervice Committee in terms of the need for its services; and to explore the programs of other agencies and organizations to deterrr:ine whether there are other re sources which could as effectively serve the people now coming to the agency. This involved the fallowing steps: 1. A survey of 12 organizations serving Japanese Americans, conducted by members of the Study Committee. 2. Interviews by the consultant with 14 key persons in the Japanese American community. 3. Interviews by the consultant "tArith staff members of 12 · non-Japanese social agencies •. Division of Responsibilities To fully understand the findings from the survey and the interviews with individuals, it is necessary to know the thinking that went into the establishment of the JAE,.C and how it differs from three other organizations--the Japanese Ameri can Citizens League (commonly known as the "JACL"), the Japanese Mltual Aid Society of Chicago (usually called "Mutual Aid") , and the Japanese American Council (the There is a clear-cut division of respon"JA Council 11) • sibility between these organizations. The Japanese American Citizens League is a national organization established in 1930 by American citizens of Japanese descent to promote the welfare of Japanese Americans. It is For many years a civic, social and educational organization. it carried on an intensive pubJic relations and social action pro gram to correct many of the discriminatory features contained in our federal immigration and naturalization laws. Through its program and activities members were encouraged to exercise their civic and ··community responsibilities within the Japanese group, and in the community at large the mem bers promoted better understanding of Americans of Japanese ancestry. The Mdwest Regional Office of the JACL is located in Chicago, and until 1952 had a full-time director and secretary on its staff. Since 1952 the office has been maintained by a full-time secretary. The regional office serves eight chapters located in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin, comprising the Midwest District Council. The Chicago chapter maintains its headquarters in the regional office, but has no staff. Its entire program is The Issei - until 1952 when they carried out by volunteers. became eligible for American citizenship - were not able to join the JACL, which required its members to be Ameri can citizens. Some Issei are now members, but the leader ship is Nisei. The lines of responsibility between the JASC and JACL are clearly defined. While the regional JACL lists services as referrals on employment, housing, naturalization and immigra tion, in practice most requests for these services are re ferred to the JASC where there is staff to handle these problems. However, incidents and problems of discrimination are usually referred to the local JACL. The naturalization classes conducted at the JASC have been jointly sponsored by the JACL and JASC. The Ml.tual Aid Society is responsible for securing burial plots ( ther�s still discrimination against orientals) and making funeral arrangements for deceased individuals without surviving relatives. This work, carried on by volunteers, is financed by individual membership contributions. There is a close working relationship between Mutual Aid and the JASC. The Japanese American Council was set up to provide a channel through which community-wide projects that require the coordination or cooperation of all Japanese American or ganizations could be organized. It is somewhat loosely made up of the representatives of 42 organizations. It meets on 2 call. It has no staff, and looks to JASC to furnish staff services to implement its projects. The director of JASC frequently is asked to handle much of the me chanisms of programming. In effect, he staffs the pro jects and the office does the secretarial work required. This division of responsibility between these four or ganizations is not accidental. It has been developed de liberately along functional lines which are best adapted to meet the varying needs of the Japanese American commu nity here in Chicago. The pattern is quite different from that of Japanese communities in other cities. In 1943, when the leaders saw that an intensive program must be set up to assist families pouring into the Chicago area from the wartime relocation centers, JACL, being the only existing Japanese American organi zation, accepted the responsibility for the program and for a period of time, cooperating with the War Relocation Office, assisted resettlers find housing, jobs and friends. The Chicago Buddhist Church assisted many persons in the same way during this time. When it became apparent that the need and demand for services were not adequately being provided by the existing organizations* a group of concerned individuals, citizens and non-citizens , from within and outside the Japanese community, organized itself to plan for the social welfare of the resettlers which eventually exceeded 25,000. * Coupled by the fa.ct that there was some serious ques tion regarding JACL's ability to reach and serve all Japanese c.rising out of two unfortunate stigmas it was then carrying as an organization, namely the feeling of rejection or resentment among Issei due to JACL's membership policy which excludes non-citizens, and a tragic misunderstanding which developed prior to evacuation around which many people placed the responsibility and blame for the evacuation and relocation on the JACL. 3 The organizers saw a need for a non-partisan agency not identified with any one group or any of the previously established organizations. The board of the new organization, then known as the Chicago Resettlers Committee, was composed of both Issei and Nisei. For the first time both generations sat down together to plan for the welfare of their own people, supported by an advisory board composed of Chi The board members cago's leading and prominent citizens. were drawn from different groups to assure a broad cross-section of thinking and point of view, but they served on the boa:rd as .;.ndividuals � not· as official rep..; resentatives of their groups. The strength of the board has been equally divided between the Issei and Nisei to This unwritten policy has been main assure cooperation. tained to this. day. This arrangement contributed greatly toward maintaining communication between the agency and the two communities, the Japanese and the public at large. Mmy of the social, recreational and educational groups organized by JASC are now either affiliate These groups or completely autonomous organizations. groups have appointed official representatives to sit in on board meetings to maintain the group's relationship to the parent organization (i.e. The Society of Fine Arts, Hawaiian Club, Cosmo Club). It was realized that there were times when official representatives of organizations should be called together in order to work on community-wide projects. In some instances the purpose was to coordinate the joint efforts of these organizations, and in others, to seek their cooperation. Having carefully established JASC without official ties or responsibility to other organi zations, the leaders did not want to upset the independent status of JASC by having it take on this different function. It was felt wiser to set up the Japanese American Council, of which JASC would be a member. Sometimes the projects are sponsored by the Council, at other times special committees are appointed and the project is carried out under the name of the project com mittee. Whatever the sponsorship, this functional 4 organization enables the Japanese Americans to organize around causes or special events that are very important to the community as a whole. The relationship of JAE C to the JA Council is very similar to that of a local neighborhood council where the staff and board members give leadership and are participating members, and also implement the program by furnishing staff services to carry out the mechanics of various projects. 5 I; THE JASC AS SEEN BY THE JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY Since the information from tre survey of organi zations and interviews with leaders in the Japanese American community supplement each other, the findings from these are combined for purposes of sim plification and clarity. Among the organizations included in the survey were nine churches, the Nisei Post of the American Legion and Olivet Community Center. The interviews were con ducted by members of the E,tudy Committee. The inter viewers used a questionnaire designed to secure the f cl lowing information and opinions : 1. What services do these agencies provide? there any duplication of JASC services? Is 2. What services, in their opinion, should JASC continue? 3. Are there unmet needs? If so, how should these be met? Should JASC set up any new services? 4. Do they consider JASC services to be im portant to the community? 5. How accurate is the public understanding of the JAE. C program? How do they receive information about the services? Following the completion of this survey, the consultant interviewed 14 additional persons who were known to be leaders in different segments of the community and to have differing points of view. This sampling included those closely identified with JASC and others who had slight, or no present contact with the agency; persons who were said to question the present program as well as those be lieved to be convinced of its importance; and individuals whose primary allegiance was to other organizations. 6 A cleaP-cut picture emerged of the JASC as the non sectarian organization of the community, performing those functions which cannot be performed by any other organi zation. At times it is called the "catcp-all" for various problems--in the positive sense that it is the referral center of the Japanese American community to which any kind of problem or question can be 1�eferred when the sender cannot meet the need of the person asking help. The attitude is, "They ( JASC) will know what to do, or will find out what should be done. " It is known as the agency with wide knowledge of varied Chicago resources. Also, its building is seen as a kind of Japanese American community center where groups needing a meeting place can secu re space. It is the organization to which the community c.:in turn when staff help is needed on community-wide projects. It was the opm.10n of most persons interviewed that should JASC be eliminated 1 some other organization would have to be ::orm2d to ta.ks its place. This organization might be some;;,;-1:.at diff c:cent, depending upon how it was fbanced, but the kind of services JASC now provides are considered eosential � and would have to be maintained somehow. Serviceo to IndiYiduals Most :,:y_ir::;ons who we1�e interviewed, both those in or ganiza,.::ion.G and tnc i::'lc:ivld'-l.a�s Geen by the consultant, con sider ·1:.ll2 sci�vic0s to i.ndividuals to be the most important Within this category is part of t:he pr·o :.._-;ram o.t p:r8cent. included COl'.:�r:r.:.Eng and re:f err.:i.ls on personal problems, informa·tion ;:-.ne,. rE;fc:.0 :r.:il services on employment, housing, naturalizatio::.1. a;.1d imrnig:cLtion. Pract:cc:1.l).y 2.11 consic:1:;r the counseling on personal prob- :::• ·,-.'.o They refer particularly to the neceslems to be sity of m&intai:J.5.nc t}iese FJe:.,·•rJ.ces for the war brides and Issei. P,. f ,::::-,.,; bc:icve th.::::se services should be enlarged. The minbterc of the churches do counseling for their own member::; and� i'.1 so:ne L1.s,cances, for non-members who request it. A fe-,;,; ,·7:-c.o kno":·:- the Chfcago resources are able to refer people dil�ect:1.y "C') "-:hcsc v:-hen the need is indicated, or call the Commu:::1ity Referral E.ervice for a.dvice. Most of the ministers, howe-.rer, dcpcr..c. on JASC as the resource 7 to which they refer people. They have confidence gained from previous experiences that the JASC staff either possesses the knowledge to be helpful, or can be resourceful in steering the person to an appropriate agency. The JACL, although it lists information and referral services as part of its program, refers a great number of such matters directly to the JASC. The Japanese Consulate also refers personal problems "that are too intimate" or those which require the help of other social agencies in Chicago. A specific set of questions were presented to the or ganizations regarding employment and vocational counseling problems. It was reported that, on the whole, few "prob lems" were encountered in this area. In reality, this appeared to be a reflection of their readily disposing of such problems with the JASC as the place to which they send people who do need jobs or special help. "The service is excellent." "It definitely fills a need, especially for Issei." "It is a useful source of employment for war brides." There was recognition, too, that persons with adjustment problems were helped. This point of view was further confirmed in the interviews with individuals • Opinions were mixed as to whether it would be ad vantageous to have a trained vocational counselor on the staff, but most indicated they felt the present setup was adequate- they would rarely have occasion to refer individuals other than those already using JAE C services. Where more serious difficulties were indicated, it was felt that other more specialized agencies should be used. --- and Education Social-Recreation ' As noted earlier, one program objective from the outset was for the JASC to conduct and give leadership to recrea tional and educational programs. The emphasis was on helping people to utilize community services as well as the -stimulation of other organizations to set up programs in these areas. There has always been recognition that there was an on-going need for special social and educational pro grams for Issei and newer arrivals. 8 The forums and discussion groups tend to appeal to the more "sophisticated, intellectual II Nisei. The great majority who help support the organization through membership contribu tions do not participate in the programs. Planning is under way to increase the recreational program for Sansei by setting up a E. unday lounge program to be held at Olivet Com munity Center. The Nisei Post of the American Legion has 275 members of which 95% are Nisei. They have a drum and bugle corp for their children and about four social events a year for members and their families. Various community service pro jects are also carried out by this group. The Olivet Community Center has always cooperated closely with the Japanese American community. Many JASC groups were organized there and used their facilities. At the time when JASC staff guidance was given to Nisei groups, these ties were strengthened when several Nisei were em ployed on the Olivet staff. Two of the churches originally met there and continued until they were strong enough to establish themselves in their own buildings. Another still meets at Olivet. While there are only a few Japanese Ameri can families now living in the neighborhood and participating in the regular program, a number of Japanese groups still utilize Olivet's facilities. The staff of Olivet, of necessity, must give most of its time to the regular program for the people living in their immediate neighborhood; but they also provide advice and guidance to the independent Japanese American groups on their own time. The Nisei members of the staff have a special feeling of responsibility for these groups. At present, Olivet assists the Nisei Athletic Asso ciation with its basketball and soft ball leagues, and the new Junior JACL program. Nisei and E. ansei travel from all over the city to use these facilities. It is the staff's opinion that some of the independent groups need more help on their programs and the staff members feel frustrated because of the limited amount of time they can give these groups. They see a need for training of volunteer leaders to give more direction to these groups. 9 In order to determine what present social, recrea tional and educational needs were being related to, the organizations were asked to list their activities. These 12 organizations had been selected in the belief that they were the ones offering significant amounts of service to Japanese Americans. Among the nine Christian and cluded in the survey, eight proved Japanese American congregations. ninth church consisted of only 25% 73% of the rest being Negro; only 2unday l?chool were Eansei. Buddhist churches in to have primarily The membership of the Nisei, with approximately 15 of 150 children in the The eight Japanese American churches listed an ag gregate of 3,295 as members, or partipat-ing in the E-unday E-:chool and other programs. There is some duplication in the number of persons reported as participating in church sponsored programs since comments indicate that members of some churches also attend social activities in others. While some of the programs are primarily the usual fellowship and religious education kinds of activities for their own members, five churches have active community programs such as the Boy Scouts, social groups and study classes. Two list citizenship classes. There is an English language class in one, and Japanese classes for both children and adults in another. Some ministers felt there were enough activities for those they reached, but they conveyed limited awareness of the needs of the larger Japanese community which has no direct contact with their churches. Others related that there were not enough recreational pro This will be discussed later under grams for E ansei and Issei. "Unmet Needs". The ...:rapanese American Citizens League ( JACL) has approximately 1,000 members--85% of which are Nisei, 5% Issei, 5% E. ansei and 5% of others. Throughout the year they conduct various affairs--social gatherings, forums, discussion meetings, etc. The Americanization classes held at JASC and "Candidates Night" in the fall are jointly sponsored with JASC. 10 l .·•:' :,. :,. In order to determine whether this leadership problem was common to the others, those organizations interviewed were asked whether they had difficuity in securing leaders and whether they would like to see JASC set up a training course for volunteers. A number spoke of the difficulty of securing leaders, particularly for teen age groups. How ever, they were lukewarm to the idea of JASC setting up a central training course. E ome had their own training Others thought such a course might be a good courses. idea, but they did not think they would have leaders to send to it. It was the general impression among organization leaders and the individuals interviewed that, on the whole, there was no longer a need for a large recreation and educational pro gram at JASC, with the exception of new programs that will be discussed under "Unmet Needs". The Nisei ap parently are making use of community resources in their own neighborhoods. In 11 of the organizations studied there is a variety of activities available for those who wish to par ticipate in groups with other Japanese Americans. Some groups originally organized by JASC are now able to go ahead under their own leadership and additional independent groups have been formed. However, it was felt that there was a definite need for the programs presently being carried on by JA:SC, parti cularly for Issei and new arrivals to the city. The JASC is seen as a non-sectarian center where groups that draw from different segments of the community can convene. An examination of the various groups that meet at the JASC confirms this point of view. The JASC is the center to which Issei and newer arrivals from Japan come for social and recreational activities other than that found in the churches and other organizations. The groups meeting under JAE.C sponsorship and/or guidance are not duplicated by any other organizations. While one English class and two citizenship classes are pro vided through churches, those at JAE C are still needed. The English class, in particular, has many of the aspects of a social club. The Japanese class provides an oppor tunity for Nisei and non-Japanese to learn together. The ll Cosmo Club (for war brides) and the Hawaiian Club both serve new arrivals in making initial adjustments to living in Chicago. The membership in these two groups turns over f fairly rapidly as the members secure greater comfort in the larger community structure. They in turn are re The Society of Fine Arts with placed by newer arrivals. its special interest group is performing the role of bringing together Japanese Americans from different generations as well as non-Japanese through cultural programs of mutual interest. These activities serve to facilitate communication with the larger Chicago community. The JASC building is also available to semi-independent and independent groups, the majority of which are Issei. It is the general opinion that this non-sectarian center is needed by the community to provide a meeting place for groups that cannot be accommodated in the churches, or which do not wish to be identified with any one· religious group. The importance of the service is highlighted by the fact that, as previously mentioned, only 3,295 persons (including some duplications) are listed by the churches as members or par ticipating in their activities, while the population is variously estimated to be between 9,000 and 15,000 persons. JASC Relationship � __ , :!.f::.. Council The functional relationship and reasoning behind the di vision of responsibilities between these two organizations . has '13-lready been described. The special events sponsored by Q.r organized through the Council are important to Japanese Americans in Chicago when they wish to fulfill their civic responsibilities by mobilizing themselves around some event as the identifiable Japanese American community; or when they wish to give united recognition to a Japanese American pe;rson or event. Th�� is important to the well being of the community as it serves as a cohesive force between the widely separated age groups and diverse segments of the community. The JA Council has sponsored such projects as: raising funds for the Pan American Games and Japanese Flood Relief; cele bra,ting. -100 years of Japanese and American diplomatic 12 relationships through the series of events last spring; and a banquet to honor the Hon. Daniel Inouye of Hawaii, the first person of Japanese descent to be elected to the United States Congress. The JAE C is the only Japanese American community wide organization that has a sta:"f. In the functional di vision of responsibility between these two organizations many, particularly among the older generation, feel that the JASC should carry out those parts of the arrangements that require staff help. They consider that the funds they raise and contribute to JASC are partly given in or der to enable JASC to provide such services. When so many events were scheduled during the spring of 1960 it was recognized that too many demands were being made on the staff, so some extra funds were provided by the Council to pay for stationery and postage as well as extra secretarial help. Public Relations With the exception of those who were close to the or ganization or who had worked with it through referrals, most of the people interviewed were not up to date on the present program. Their sources of information were pri marily from persons who had used the services, members of the Board and through contact with the Director. The bulletin reactivated this spring was mentioned at times. Their expressed wish to know more about the JASC was demonstrated by the keen interest of people in being brought up to date during the interviews. There was clear indication that a much more active public relations program should be initiated. 13 .. THE JASC AS SEEN BY NON-JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES In order to determine the effectiveness of JASC as a referral agency and whether its program was still needed in the community, the consultant interviewed representa tives of the following 12 non-Japanese agencies and organiza tions: Chicago Child Care Society Chicago City Missionary· Society Chicago Foundling Home Community Referral Service of Chicago Cook County Public Aid Department Geriatrics Rehabilitation Service North Side District Office Family Eservice Bureau of the United Charities Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society Salvation Army Emergency Lodge Senior Cent�rs of Metropolitan Chicago United States Immigration and Naturalization Service United S,tates District Office of Social Security Administration. Nine of these were selected because the records showed that they were the ones to which JASC had referred people or that JASC had been called in by them during the 15-month sampling period which had been analyzed (See "Social Welfare" in Part I). The names of the persons referred were given to the agencies in advance of the interviews so that they could adequately examine their records to find out what had A certain number ot referrals had happened to the clients. not been completed, as would be expected. Particular atten tion was given to those persons who had been in contact with JASC for four months or more. In all the cases from this group, where the type of problem indicated a need for case work help, the referral process had been completed with specialized agency. E everal agencies spoke of the diffi the culty of working with these cases because of cultural and In two situations psychological factors unique to this group. JAE C was called in by caseworkers to assist them in their 14 . treatment of clients. They emphasized the effective role the JASC staff member had performed in acting as a bridge between them and their clients across language and cultural barriers. It was the consensus of opm1on among these agencies that the JAEC was performing a needed service. There is a minimum of involvement of the JAEC staff in the prob lems of clients except where extended contacts are needed to prepare the client for eventual referral or where con tinued supportive contact is at times needed in maintaining client engagement with the other agency. Cases referred to these agencies were considered appropriate and generally demonstrated effective utilization of community resources. The government agencies also reported very satisfactory working relationships with the JAE C. The staff member interviewed at the Community Re ferral E ervice was of the opinion that there would be a continuing need for the JASC as long as there were Issei and newer immigrants from Japan. They rarely have contact with Japanese Americans at their agency--none, to the staff member's knowledge in the past year. From long experience with the Japanese Americans it was firmly felt by this staff person that the older generation and others with limited English would not come to this agency even if JAEC were discontinued. Because of the evidence of a need for a planned recrea tional program for Issei, a conference was held at the Senior Centers of Mtropolitan Chicago around this problem. Al though they have conveyed a desire to help elderly· Japanese in. any way they can, they have had no success in bringing Issei into their program. In their opinion the Director of JASC has been most cooperative and has urged Issei to attend Senior Centers programs. A special program planned jointly by the two agencies to interest Isseis in Senior Centers activities met with complete resistance on the part of the Isseis. 15 The last conference was held with a representative of the City Iv:issionary Society, an organization which gives a substantial contribution each year toward the budget of JASC. This organization is particularly interested in that part of the program that builds better understanding between people of Japanese and non-Japanese background. They feel this is important and should be continued along with the other services. 16 . . .. PART III CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS THE PRESENT PICTURE . The study shows that the work of the Japanese Ameri can E ervice Committee is very important to the welfare of the Japanese American Community and greater Chicago, and cannot be done as effectively by any other organization. Any problem affecting persons of Japanese ancestry is its con cern. Its policy, consistently, has been to direct people to, and help them utilize organizations where there is ma chinery or personnel to appropriately meet their needs; to interpret the needs of the Japanese people to other organi zations and stimulate them to set up appropriate services; and to conduct such program as cannot be provWed in any other way. It has served as a "voice" for Japanese Ameri cans in Chicago, a source of information for its own consti tuents, a place to which others from the larger society could turn when they wished to make contact with any seg ment of the Japanese American community, or wanted in formation about its culture and that of Japan. It is a transmission center through which communication is kept open between various elements of the Japanese American community and greater Chicago as well as within the Japanese community itself • The JAE C is a multifunctional agency. It provides short-term counseling and referrals for individuals and fami lies with problems, job placement and counseling, recreation and education programs, information and referrals on housing, naturalization and immigration, orientation for new arrivals such as war brides, Hawaiians of Japanese descent and Japanese immigrants; interpretation of Japanese culture to _church, school and civic groups; and staff services to imple _rnent community-wide projects. The spread of responsibilities of the Director have been too great for one person to handle. Inevitably areas of 17 administration have suffered because priority has had to to be given to the day-to-day demands of people request ing service. Nisei support has not been developed to the degree it could be because of the lack of a public rela tions and fund raising program geared to their interests The staff has not had the time nor the and concerns. energy to give attention to new emerging needs in the com munity. These conclusions are based on a study of the present program and unmet ne8ds, and on an examination of other resources in Chicago 1 both Japanese American and city wide agencies . This aspect of the program operates as a short con tact referral serviceo Of the 248 different individuals who requested help during the 15 months that were analyzed, only 15 were carried for four months or more, 174 appear in the records in only one month. Almost every kind of problem is represented--problems resulting from failing health, mental disorders, marital conflict, straightening out records for citizenship or Social E.-ecurity, etc. Some of the simpler requests were handled directly by the staff When more specialized help through the resources of JASC. was indicated� the staff was skillful and resourceful in using community resources. Some could be referred imme diately, others required supportive counseling for a period before they were ready to accept referral. In two in stances, JAE-C was called in by caseworkers to assist them in their treatment where they needed someone to help them communicate with their respective clients, not only through language, but more impor"'::ant, ac1 oss cultural barriers. This is an essential service. .Persons coming here need this specialized agency with b:~,J.ingual staff who understand both the Japanese J.nd American culture. The Community Referral Service of Ch!cago reports that they practically never have had requests from Jar:,anese Americans (nor.e in the last year) . They are of the opinion that even if 18 this service were no longer available at JASC, it would be unlikely that the older generation and the new arrivals would come to their agency. It was the consensus of the other agencies to whom JAEC refers clients that this is an important service. !:I.£p Placement and Counseling While the volume of requests in this area is small, this is a very useful service. Issei, war brides and other new immigrants from Japan, because of their cultural differences and limitations in the use of English, depend on JASC for help in locating appropriate employment. E,ome of the Nisei who use this resource use other resources as well. However, there are some Nisei who have personality or deep seated problems that need the kind of help and guidance available at JASC. Job placement at the JAE. C serves an additional func tion, i.e. , as a tool through which to identify and establish contact with people who often present themselves as in need of work but frequently pose other concerns which re quire different handling. Housing Though not particularly important now, this is a con venient service which should be continued. The housing referrals are handled- almost entirely by telephone and require very little staff time. Available space reported to the office is kept on file and is used almost entirely by Japanese Americans. It is a tangible service which is good for pub lic relations with persons who do not need other services. It also is a readily available resource to the staff when they need to locate appropriate housing for families where it is desirable to locate them near other Japanese speaking people. 19 Recreation � Education Program JASC is the non-sectarian Japanese community center. Twenty-nine groups are presently using the facilities in addi tion to the board and committees of JAS C. Seven groups are either under the sponsorship of JASC or are directly affiliated with it. They receive staff serv ices through direct leadership, advice on program, help with organization and/or clerical services. Each group serves a special purpose and does not duplicate services provided by any other Japanese American or non-Japanese organization. While there are other groups in two Japanese American churches (i.e. the language classes) which would appear to have similar programs, the JASC classes appeal to people from different segments of the Ja-panese American popula tion. :Some people seem to prefer to come to a non-sec tarian center. The JAE: C also provides space where independent in terest groups and organizations can meet (most of these are Issei groups). Eight of them call on JASC staff for advice at times. The others use the facilities as a con venience. This meeting place for community groups is needed and provides a useful service to the people. Information 2£ Naturalization � Immigration This service should also be ·continued. Many· people who have to find their way through the complicated regulations and procedures involved in naturalization and immigration matters need interpretation of these regulations; advice on where to go and how to secure needed docu ments (i.e. proof of marriage, residency, etc. ) ; and help on other details such as filling out forms. This is particularly important for persons with limited Engl ish who need the help of a bi lingual staff. The JASC staff has accurate information and excellent working relationships with the local office of the U .s. Immi gration and Naturalization Eervice. 20 Interpretation .21 Japanese Culture The JAE C plays an important role in bringing about better understanding between people of Japanese background and non-Japanese. The Director .is asked to speak to school, church and civic groups on the Japanese Americans in Chi cago and Japanese culture. This should be continued. The organization is called on to secure Japanese talent for t".hecprogr.ams of other organizations. vJhile some of these requests are quite legitimate, others could be turned down, or the service limited to suggesting names for the or ganization to contact. Exhibits and other programs arranged by the Society of Fine Arts, the E:,umie Class, and the Japanese Language Class ( all listed above) contribute to the interpretive program also. Public Relations and Fund Raising Very little attention has been given in recent years to keeping the Japanese American community informed about JAE C programs. The Nisei who by and large no longer have much direct contact with the agency, have very vague ideas as to what its present program is. The agency has primarily been riding on its reputation and people contribute because they believe it is doing good. The bulk of the financial support of JASC still comes from the Issei. If JAEC is to continue, the Nisei must rapidly increase their support, both financially and through active leadership. There has been a definite increase in Nisei support in In- 1958, 74% of the membership income the past few years. In 1959, the Nisei came from Issei, 26% from the Nisei. accounted for 37% of· the income from memberships. 21 ' However, before much additional support can be expected from this source, the Nisei must feel that the agency is looking ahead and is concerning itself with the new problems facing Nisei and Issei today--that it is not just staying alive for a limited time to complete projects started some time ago. 22 ...; ,•_ .. .-. '_; .· •. UNIYET NEEDS Issei As was mentioned previously, it has been estimated that there are some 2500 Isseis residing in the Chicago area. Due to the Isseis appear to average around 73 years in age. limited scope of the study no systematic body of informa tion on the Issei population was secured. It seems safe to state that a relatively large number (perhaps some 60%) main tain their social meaningfulness through membership in var ious churches. Cultural activities, informal educational pro grams and periodic showings of Japanese movies. appear to draw much smaller numbers of Isseis. It is not known whether Isseis active in one form of social activity also tend to participate in other activities. vvith the exception of a small number of bachelor Isseis living along Clark E treet--one of the original major settle ment areas now being gradually abandoned by the Japanese once living there--most Isseis appear to be living with, or in close proximity to their Nisei children. There is some very limited evidence to suggest that perhaps as much as 75% of the Isseis are still gainfully em ployed in some manner. If this is true, this would appear to be a strikingly high percentage in relation to other groups with 2. simiiar age range. It is hoped that this might be further explored in the future as it would seem to have various cultural implications if the impression is substan tiated by more objective data. That the Isseis place a pre A possible relationmium on work activity is well known. ship to the above observation is the Issei 1 s apparently marked resistance to any approach suggesting that he is dependent and helpless. Some observers cited the Issei's resistance to two previo us community-wide attempts at exploring the possibilities of an old age home for the Issei as an illustra There has been discussion periodically for the past 10 tion. years regarding the need for a home for the elderly. It be came clear that although some typE- of place where elderly Issei could live together congenially would be highly desirable, the concept of an institution is most distasteful to the Isseis 23 because of firmly entrenched cultural patterns. Presently, several individuals and/or churches are independently con sidering ways and means of purchasing an apartment build ing to provide such living quarters. The JASC should be alert to this problem since there appears to be increasing attention and concern around the need for a residence for elderly Issei. There is real question as to the agency's role in this area. Should it give peripheral support to these tentative explorations, or move directly into the problem area? In view of these questions it appears that the agency is faced with the responsibility of clarifying its function relating to this area of need. Although a fair portion of the Issei population pre sently appear to be finding social usefulness in some form, it is speculated that in the near future a more critical period in their lives might be anticipated. It would seem that as the Isseis give rapidly increasing evidence of sheer physiological incapacity to function in some economically pro ductive or accustomed socially meaningful role, feelings of uselessness might be expected to be evoked in a rather' sudden and far-reaching manner--a shifting of gears for which they appear to be prepared in a quite limited way. The Isseis' traditional pride in being self-sufficient, the high values surrounding the meaning of work, the limited Nisei and societal reinforcem.ent of the Isseis' cultural notions of respect and status which they feel should be accorded older persons in their later years, regardless of their pro ductive status--these factors are viewed as contributing, at least in part, to making their position in retirement a more acute one and in need of alleviation. E ome recognition of these problems was expressed by leaders in the Japanese Americn community. Their point of view was perhaps most succinctly presented by one minister who stated, 11 There is a need for a planned recreational program for elderly, retired Issei men and women. I would suggest that JAE C begin a program as soon as pos sible. A strong orientation program , ;priov to beginning such activity, would probably be indicated in view of the resis tance to change shown by this group. 11 24 , While there are growing numbers of programs for senior citizens throughout the city (the Metropolitan Center for E enior Citizens is located within half a block of the JASC building) the Isseis are not comfortable in mixed groups where other members are not of Japanese background and do not They tend to stay within their own group. speak Japanese. The Director of JASC has encouraged people to go to the lYl:ltropolitan Center and even set up a special meeting there at one time for this purpose, but the Isseis showed Any such program will have to be only minimal response. set up. within· a Japanese American setting where the Isseis feel at home. It would appear to be the responsibility of the JAE C to assume the leadership in providing more acti vities for this age group, and working with other organiza tions to explore whether they can enlarge their ongoing pro grams to accommodate such activities. Nisei The original goal of the E ervice Committee was to help the Nisei become an accepted part of the greater Chicago community as rapidly as possible. On the surf ace, the goal How appears to have been accomplished remarkably well. ever, it appears to have been at some cost. Today the needs of the Niseis seem to relate to more internalized difficulties which are, it would appear, partly the result of their intensive str:-iving to become a conforming, integral part of the larger community as rapidly as possible. Prob lems confronting the Niseis today might be defined more in terms of uinternal integration. " Some Niseis are facing such dilemmas as how, and what values of their Japanese background can they pass on to their children which are compatible with American society? Many state that in their effort to become accepted and integrated, they themselves have lost contact with Japanese culture to such an extent that they feel inadequate in trying to transmit certain aspects of it to their children. Other concerns have to do with such issues as changing family kin ship values, standards of conduct and life goals for their children and the need to possess some understanding and ap preciation of Jap,:.,.. nese culture. The latter seems to be 25 ..... increasingly felt. At least one area of concern seems to stem from the need among many Niseis to socially identify themselves more accurately, and to interpret this in a more consistent manner to their children. Because the Japanese American population is relatively small, readily identifiable and the younger generation in creasingly moving into non-Japanese neighborhoods, some parents feel pressure that their children need to make an extra contribution or achieve above the group of which the child is a part. As one person stated, "We (Niseis) made a place for ourselves so relatively easily because people liked us--the way we behaved, our work habits, our ambi tion, our industry as well as our culture. If our children lose this, and are influenced by adverse elements in the American community, will they experience as ready an ac ceptance?" Also, as children approach marriageable age, parents have to face the consequences of their rapid social integration. For instance, do they want their children to marry outside the Japanese group? Whether this in itself is a problem to them or not, it is at this age that E anseis are apt to face discrimination in their social contacts. One parent said, "I suddenly realized that my child was missing out on normal boy and girl relationships--she was being left out of mixed social life." These comments serve to illustrate some of the anx ieties shared by many Nisei parents. E ome have solved them in part by returning to Japanese American churches so their children can have relationships with other Sanseis. This is notable in the churches where there is a marked increase of families who travel considerable distances from the suburbs to participate in church activities in the city. There has been a large increase in teen-agers in some churches. This problem is apt to increase in the next 10 years when those now infants and children enter their teens. From the Com munity E urvey it can be projected that there are now about 770 young people between 13 and 19 years of age. Compared with this , there are 1, 240 between six and 12 years of age and about 1,350 under six years of age. 26 Some aspects of the problem have been publicly dis cussed in JAC L forums" Thoughtful leaders , however, feel that there is a need to give more direct guidance to parents in small groups under the competent leadership of specialists. This kind of service may also reveal problems that would require more individualized services. These leaders believe that JAE C should, as a first step, set up an informal educational program dodf;ncd ·co help parents now facing these issues. Prejudice, relationship to Issei parents and other problems unique to Japanese also appear to need attention. This type of program, it is felt, could not be effec tively conducted in a non-Japanese agency, nor in mixed ethnic groups. An extension of the JAE. C educational pro gram might be to work with churches and other Japanese American organizations to encourage them to initiate similar programs and provide them with specialists to work with their respective parent groups. This would entail the development of a resource list of competent persons available to assist these groups. eansei I Though organizations and parents alike speak of the need for more recreational and cultural programs for the Sanseis, programs for them are increasing in the churches, and the JACL is inaugurating an enlarged recreational program for the younger generation of Japanese. There is no clear indi cation as to whether still further programs at this level will be needed. At the present it would seem reasonable for the JA'E'C to leave this area of responsibility to these or ganizations which are already engaged in providing such acti vities. However, should this increased activity still not fill tha need, the JAE C should re-examine the situation in the future. Ehould a re-assessment of the situation be indicated, care should be taken to avoid duplication of programs which other organizations are already doing o It would seem that the JAE C's more proper present role might be in providing indi vidualized services to Eanseis presenting difficulties such as delinquent behavior. With respect to the latter, the Eervice Committee might serve another function--namely developing 27 and maintaining some systematic body of information and literature on the Sanseis. Juvenile delinquency among the E anseis, particularly those of an acting-out nature, is quite often viewed with alarm and easily exaggerated as a com munity-wide problem. Closer analysis usually reveals that the incidents were of a relatively isolated nature. More objective and sophisticated recording of incidents, as well as maintaining a closer touch with general patterns of E ansei behavior appear to be needs that would come within the province of the JAE C's role to serve. CHANGING ROLE In view of these unmet needs, it is felt that the agency should show greater flexibility in the future in adapting to the shifting needs of the community. E ome of these current problems were elaborated upon in' the previous section. If these needs are seen as valid ones, it would appear that it is clearly within the role of the JAE C to alleviate them in some manner. Moreover, if the agency does recognize that it should provide additional services focused toward these areas of concern, it should be aware that the helping process related to these "new needs II require a different level of sophistication than that which the agency has tra ditionally assumed. As pointed out before, present-day so cial problems among the Japanese appear to demand more individualized handling than in the past. With the exception of a relatively small number of Japanese brides, Niseis from Hawaii and recent immigrants from Japan who are still in need of the kind of orientation and transitional assistance originally provided to the large number of evacuees, today's areas of social conflict appear more bound up within the individual. This might mean that the agency would have to incorporate a somewhat modified philosophy of service which would embrace the notions of enabling those served to resolve personal-cultural conflicts and working with smaller numbers in more specialized ways. Furthermore, it implies giving assistance to clients in a more sustained fashion. 28 In order to more fully appreciate the agency's present position, it might be helpful to again briefly review its his tory. Traditionally, its information-referral service has served as the core of the agency's program. Its basic rationale was addressed to the primary goal of facilitating integration of the Japanese newcomers into the majority society. Mass social and recreational programs served to establish and renew social relationships broken by the relo cation. More importantly, these programs gave the uncer tain new arrivals a sense of cohesiveness and safety. Through the stability gained from these programs and the information-referral service of the agency paving the way for introduction into a strange city, the Japanese entered into the stream of the larger community life with remarkable rapidity. During this phase the Service Committee dealt with tremendous numbers of people in a more gross kind of service strategy. This phase, by and large, now belongs to the past. Although the cr1s1s situation that brought about the establishment of the agency is long since past, the JAEC has appeared to continue to give the same type of services years later, perhaps in a different way, certainly, from a statistical point of view, to fewer numbers of people. As· a consequence, there was increasing question of justifi cation for existence--were its services still needed? No real serious attempts were made to evaluate its status un til the formation of the E tudy Committee. The Study Com mittee, theref ore, clearly made a much needed evaluation and a bringing up to date of the kinds of problems being experienced by the present community, as well as guidance toward what possible future role the JAE C might address itself to. rs RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRAM On the basis of the total body of information secured and evaluated by the Study Committee and the consultant, the many discussions held by the sub-committees, the Issei Ad visory Committee and the Board of Directors, the following recommendations by the Study Committee were made to, and approved by, the Board at its November, 1960 meeting: 29 There appears to be no question that the E ervice Committee is performing a meaningful service to a wide range of Japanese in the Chicago area. It is strongly recommended that the JAE,C continue its present services. Issei Workshop A workshop should be established to provide work ac tivity for Isseis who are defined as unemployable in the re gular labor market due to advanced age, physical limitations or because of their cultural restrictions. A basic hypothesis of the workshop program is that the affording of a productive work role to the Isseis would en able them to attain greater feelings of self respect and worthwhileness in their later years. Inherent in the Japanese culture to which the Issei primarily addresses himself is the high degree of respecta bility and status accorded the aged. This recognition is seen as being given independently of whether the aged person is engaged in economically productive work activity. This pre sents a contrast to American cultural expectations in which the individual's worth appears to rest much more firmly on his productive work role. As a consequence, his value as a member of society greatly diminishes in his later years. It is held that the Nisei's rapid incorporation of Ameri can values poses many restrictions in his providing the needed reinforcement of Issei expectations in his role as an elder, and that this is a source of conflict in the family relation ship. The larger society provides even less sanctions of the Issei's role. This is compounded by the Issei's marked limi tations in seeking social meaningfulness through other possi ble resources in the larger society. It might be questioned whether there is a contradiction in such a work program for the Isseis since it was pointed out that in Japanese culture the older person secures status and recognition more independent of his economic contributions. 30 However, the "contradiction II may be more apparent than real. It is assumed that social and cultural values in all cultures are present to some· degree in some similarity of function, if not in form. Also, it is held that the Isseis have incorporated some of the American ways of thinking in a meaningful manner. The stress on work shown the Issei, in addition to the fact that they will possess some minimal earnings which would likely enhance greater feelings of self-sufficiency, also favor the notion of the workshop program as an effective means of providing services to the Isseis. Although more speculative, it might be hypothesized that Issei participation in the work program may serve to help alleviate misunderstandings, and facilitate more commu nication, in relationships with their Nisei children. The fact that the Issei is working and actively extending himself in a socially meaningful way is mutually agreed upon by both generations • The rationale of providing work activity in a benign, non-competitive setting for the Isseis is also seen as cons tituting a pivot in the sense of its providing a "point of engagement II in the helping process since it clearly avoids conveying to the Issei that he is dependent and helpless; it preserves his "self pride" and his feelings of social useful ness. With such a basic strategy of service to the Issei population "sensitive'' areas of the Isseis might be more protected and hence, more generally reachable and accepting of assistance. For instance, the idea of a residence for the aged might not be as threatening since the workshop pro gram lends the basis for Isseis evaluating themselves in a more positive, productive role, whereas direct confrontation of the Issei as no longer being able to care for himself, such as is inherent in asking him how he feels about extab lishing an "old age home", appears altogether too threaten ing and distasteful. It is possible that the idea of a home for the aged could gain impetus from, and on the basis of, the ideas com municated through the work program. It is also possible that a residence for the aged could develop around .the work shop itself as a focal point. Briefly put, such a workshop 31 program might readily serve as a basis 7 or springboard for developing other possible service programs for the Isseis. It is suggested that the workshop program be estab lished as a pilot type program on a limited basis, perhaps beginning with six to eight workers working three halfdays a week. Work would derive from sub-contracts with Light packaging, various firms throughout the city. assembly and mailing tasks are the most readily available kinds of sub-contract work. They also generally require the least amount of space and equipment. It is recommended that workers be paid somewhere be tween 60¢ and 70¢ an hour. Income from sub-contract work done should ideally roughly approximate wages paid out to workers. It is further recommended that the program maintain close contact with other such workshops throughout the city with regard to operational and .professional standards and uniform sub-contract pricing policies. Ideally, the work shop committee should be composed of both professional and business people. Informal Edu ca tional Prog;ram It is recommended that the agency strengthen its in formal educational program. Three additional methods are being recommended to meet the shifting needs of the com munity. These include: 1) publication of educational pam phlets; 2} more active utilization of group discussion tech niques; and 3) the establishment of a library-information center. EducationaL �hle_tc This program should be specifically designed to serve at· least three functions with respect to the needs of the Nisei population; a) provide a service to Niseis in helping them become more aware of, and therefore handle more economically, cultural problems unique to them; b) as a 32 medium whereby greater communication with the Nisei com munity and its needs might be more accurately established and appraised; c) as a basis from which future program might be planned ( see below) • The content of the pamphlets might relate to such problems as parent-child relationship among both Nisei and Issei as well as Nisei and Sansei; encouragement of Niseis to be more informed, and make more active use of othe1� appropriate agencies and institutions� particularly where emotional problems are involved; more adequate handling of prejudices against one a.s a Japanese; general problems of acculturation such a.s assisting acculturated Niseis in their need to re-incorporate certain aspects of their Japanese backgroud. Utilization o..f.. C�_r?,�J?. D!��ssion 'f'echniques Having provid3d some minimal location of cultural prob lems through the pamphkr:::s, subsequent programming might relate to two additional levels of services. They are: 1) Stimulation of group discussions on similar topics in the churches and other organizations. 2) Development of more sustained kinds of group counseling sessions at the JASC. The communi·ty has long experienced, periodically, forum type discussions of issues pertaining to the Japanese in Chi cago. These serve the purpose of allowing participants to verbalize and sharpen the formulation of various concerns, but they remain on a polite, public level of social interaction in volvi- ·-:: large groups o It is felt that these kinds of dis cussions should continue to be stimulated. However, as in dicated above, it is bdng recommended that the JAE C estab lish a program designed to provide more intimate and frank expressions of feeling around problems of a more personal cultural nature. These groups should be kept small, thereby assuring an opportunity for resolution, and more extended exploration and cla:!'."ifi.catlo:::i of feelings a.nd attitudes than 33 that provided by forum type discussions. It is also recom mended that these groups be under the guidance of well trained persons. In addition to the Niseis, there are sug gestions that this kind of program might also profitably be utiUzed by other segments of the population, such as the The Japanese brides, their husbands, Isseis and Eanseis. former might find this. medium especially helpful in resolving confusion resulting from contrasting cultural expectations. A program structure of this nature makes possible a more orderly referral of individuals from one level of serv ice to another. Thus, individuals who participate in dis cussions in their church group but feel a need for more thorough exploration in the JAE C program can be readily referred since by the very nature of the total scheme of the program, communication pathways are astablished and mu tually understood by the community and the agency. On the other hand, if severe emotional problems are indicated in the sessions at the JAEC, such individuals might be con sidered or prepared for referral to other agencies more properly qualified to handle such problems. Library-Information Center It is recommended that a library-information center be established to extend to both the Japanese and non-Japanese community a systematized body of literature on various aspects of the Japanese people and culture. Its content might consist- of Jap'.lnese literary works (in both Japanese and Engl ish) ; psychological, sociological and anthropological articles on the Japanese in professional journals; various books on the Japane·se in America; vernacular and English periodicals and newspapers pertinent to the Japanese; var iou� JAE>C committee reports; and various other data per taining to the Japanese in Chicago, such as a listing of var io1.+s organizations in the Japanese community. A library-information cent�r of this nature would serve several functions: l) a,Fi a means for leisurely reading for the Japanese reading segment of the population. Euch ma terial would serve a further function for this group, i.e., 34 as a means of reinforcing their kinship with more tradi- tional Japanese mode,s of esthetic expressions; 2) as a source for various individuals, both Japanese and non Japanese, who wish to inquire about some aspect of Japanese culture 1 or the Japanese in America for research, term paper or esthetic reasons; and 3) as a means for staff use and development o � ocial Recrcationa! Prog�m It is recommenc:ed that the agency establish a lounge area conducive to more esthetic and leisurely exchange of social contacts and so designed that it could also be used as a meeting place. It is also recommended that the JASC seriously ex plore the possibilities of offering a daytime social-recreational program for the Issei between Monday and Friday. Day time social activities f 01� the Isseis during mid-week are prac tically non-existent in the city, most of them occurring during the evenings E.nd on weekdays and on week ends. It is felt that such a cocial-recreational program should be de signed to provide enjoyment of more traditional Japanese socializations for the Issei. The various Japanese periodicals in the library--information center might readily complement such a program. Movies of Japan, recordings of Japanese music and the serving o:f Japanese delicacies might also con tribute to a meaningft�l body of pleasant experiences giving support to their most comfortable, accustomed modes of social enjoyment. Public Relations In view of tho 2.bDc:1.ce of any organized public relations program with the Nisei community for the past six .years, it is stron[::;ly urGcd that a wen. planned public relations program be immediately revived. Th�s is of special importance be cauce of the increa:::;ing need for their potential support of the JASC due to diminishing contributions from the Isseis. Also, the Niseis are presently in a far better position economically than their Isse� counte:r·part. More active utilization of the services of the JASC should also be encouraged. It appears to be a particularly opportune time to re-establish the public rela tions program with the Nisei in view of the new programs being recommended by the E. tudy Committee. The latter afford an opportunity to rebuild the public image. of the JASC as a vital organization, prepared to serve the pre sent day needs of the Japanese American community and offset the impression some people have had of it as being somewhat questionably in existence since the relocation phase has long been a thing of the past. There is also the notion that the JAEC is an Issei organization, run by them and for them, which has in some ways inhibited greater Nisei support. It is recommended that the agency consider the fol lowing means of strengthening the public relations program : 1) Publish an agency brochure depicting the work of the JASC. 2) Publish a quarterly publication of an agency bulletin. 3) Publish an annual report. 4) Establish an annual, major fund raising special event specifically geared toward the Nisei. 5) More actively solicit Nisei members, .particularly through personal contacts. Administration In order to maximally implement the above recommenda tions, and the philosophy of service that they represent, it is clearly recognized that the agency would require the serv ices of a full-time administrator. The study unquestionably concludes that the present D,irector is altogether too burdened with a wide range of duties. As a consequence, the agency has suffered, particularly in the administration of it. In 36 his efforts to maintain his various duties, the present Director has frequently worked to the point of exhaustion. Also, because of these circumstances, the Director has not been allowed to develop new programs in keeping with current needs. If the E:tudy Committee recommendations are to be seriously carried through, they suggest that the future staff organization should limit the range of functions per formed by a given person to more specific areas and levels of competence. The present Director has shown himself to be especially effective in working with the Isseis and Japanese brides. This is partially due to the fact that he is bilingual and possesses sensitivity to both Japanese and American cultures. It is hoped that the present Director can be relieved of his administrative functions so that he can continue working with the Japanese speaking population as he has, and in addition direct the newly ;proposed programs for the Isseis. The Study Committee recommends that the adminis trator be paid within a salary range of $7 ,,000-$9,000 so as to give assurance that there is a likelihood of securing It is also recommended and retaining a well qualified person. that the administrator, preferably, possesses a master's degree in social work or some allied field pertaining to human relations. It is desirable that he possess some supervisory The dutie� of the administrator are seen as experience, follows: 1) assume responsibility for the total operation of the agency; 2) supervision of staff; 3) development of programs; 4) participation in fund raising and public rela tions activities; and 5) prepare the annual budget of the agency. It is strongly recommended that the agency closely examine its method o:f recording service activities, parti cularly with refere.nc e. to individuals receiving counseling, welfare and employment services. In these instances more 37 complet8 information about the client as well as a des criptive record of contacts should be included in a record of some standard form. Such information as how the client came to JAE C, his presenting problem, previous contacts and how the problem situation is and/or was handled, are seen as meaningful areas of description. More systematic record keeping is needed to provide information on the basis of which: 1) the history of con tacts with a given client may more quickly and accurately be perceived; 2) a more accurate statistical picture of the range and pattern of problems being seen at JASC can be easily compiled; and 3) periodic assessment of the agency's program can be more readily made when needed. Eince only a limited body of systematically recorded data were available to the study group, forms had to be specially constructed to secure pertinent kinds of information which would lend themselves to meaningful interpretation. This was an extremely time consuming procedure since a repre sentative sampling of cases was necessary over a period of time. More adequate recording is also seen as facilitating economical and reliable transmission of relevant information on given clknts betwec:;:i present staff members, between present c:-nd additional staff and between present and future staff. B card of Directors The 2.gency is urged to assess its present board struc ture and: and functioning. Of a total number of close to SO members roughly a third c.ppear to be active in some sustained form. Of those who appear to be active, long-term respon sibilities ai-c no·t, tn most instances, clearly delineated. Mapy of the stated positions, such as committee chairmen, seem to possess hcnor�ry connotations rather than functional, working roles. At the ti:ne of the study no real working committee appeared to be currently functioning in a manner giving evidence of a continuing process. 38 Although the agcncy1 s by-laws state a board member's term as ono year, in actual practice the term of office is of indefinite dura.tion. It is felt that this practice con tribu te3 to the problem of maintaining inactive board mem bers indefinitely and docs little to invite "new blood" into the board. It is tho ref ore recommended that the agency examine its board ctructure and functioning closely, with particular attention to development of a more functional board. This is not to n.ltoGother deny the value of honorary positions for given mcmbc::.."3, particularly in instances where these members give substantial financial·.support to the agency. It is ougge3tod· tha,c more specific responsibilities be assign�d to board members and that special effort be made to invite greater engagement of members on a more sustained, working foundation. In view of ·the fo:."egoing program recommendations prcu viously cut!:.nc:d, it is clear that the nature of the board ,;-;rill pl2.7 a very critical role in determining how the rccommen da'..::ionG ·, ,-·•:. r'. t�:.o •I'J.t·_:r0 total body of thinking - will be ultim2..tcly directed. 39
T:) ROG l�ESS REPOl�T COMPILED BY THE ANALYSIS COivlMITTEE THE CHICAGO' RESETTLERS �OMMITTEE DECEMBER, 194 7 THE CHICAGO RESETTLERS COMMITTEE Progress Report - 1947 THE OVER-ALL PICTURE There are still some 20 ., 000 resettlers in Chicago. They o.re not a.11 the same 20 ., 000 who resided here at the end of 1946. At least one-tenth are newcomers. They have come in from Michigan ., Indiana, Wisconsin ., Iowa and other surrounding states--from New York and the eastern seaboard ., and from California and the west coast. They include also the Nisei returnees from Jo.pun (about 100). By coming hero in 1947 ., these latest arrivals have filled the gap left by those who returned to the west coast. Chicago resettlement, fucing its sixth year, has not yet lost its early transient character. Grout stability has been achieved. But there is still an undercurrent of restless ness ., of dislocation, of impermanence. People still "go buck" to tho west canst; they still "return" to Chico.go. Families are still separated by divided regional loyalties; the school-age population of young people without normn.l family ties or supervision remains disproportionately high; and housing condition� aro only slightly less abominable than they are among wost coast returnees in Los Angeles. The trend toward urea segregation of resettler housing has grown more pronounced during the year. For better or for worse ., the Chicago rosettler population is congregating in four districts. In 1945 tho boundaries of those districts wore hardly discernible; in 1946 they begun to emerge. In 1947 they havo crystallized. Roughly 80 per cent of all Chicago resettlers reside in one of the four following ureas: (1) Lower Northsidc. (2) Oakland-Kenwood ., (3) Far Northside ., (4) Hyde Park-Woodlawn. There are numerous other areas• including the Westsido ., whero resottler concentration is less dense, where greater dispersal has taken place. Actually ., there are individual resettlcr families residing throughout the city and in suburban areas. But those represent a small minority. Tho overwhelming tren4 during 1947 has been toward :mnximum concen tration of rcsettlers into four general areas ., und most heavily into two: (1) Lower Northside and (2) Oakland-Kenwood. From the standpoint of crime. delinquency ., und racial tensions. these are perhaps the least desirable areas of long-range resettlement. Concentration in these districts may be attributed to several factors. rhey represent areas of accessibility. Racial restrictive housing covenants are not effective. Prices ure within reach. Roal estut� groups, both resottler und Caucasian, oncourago rosettlers to go into the urea. Largo, well-established reul estate firms (nonres0ttlor) which will sell or lease to resettlers in Oakland-Kenwood or Lower Northsido aro known to politely decline to accept resettlor inquiries about property in more desirable residential areas. Approximately 8 per cent of Chicago rcsottlers huve bought their laces of resid0nce. Most of th.ese- are in marginal areas of racial tension, p in the buffer zones between the overflowing Nogro districts and the recoding white neighborhoods. Tho number of resottlor homo buyers is constantly�ing. This may be interpreted more t-Lccuro.tely o.s o.n indication of the strain caused by the housing shortage rather thun as a sign of economic health. Tho largo majority of resottlers in 1943•45 �ore clussified in the unskilled und semiskilled group of f�ctory and service workers. The pro portion of skilled und trained professional work ers--as well as independent small business man- has increased. But the bulk of rosottler popula tion still romains in the unskilled and semiskilled classification. They live within the low-income range of people hardest hit by rising costs of liv ing. The spector of economic insecu rity has im pressed a pattern of extreme overwork on the part of older Issoi. In families whore teen-age child ren are involved, the situation has produced addi tional problems. The marginal, unsettled character of resottler social life in Chicago tends to leave unsupervised teon-agors without any sense of direction. Thero are between 3 ., 000 and 4,000 resettlor young people of teen age; most of them ure in school ., though many are not. Some have identified them selves with wholesome teen-age groups within their own community without particular regard to their racial background. Most of these young people. however, include among the groups with which they identify themselves, nt loo.st one Jupo.nese-Americun group. There have been reported at leust seven teen-age off-oampus school groups which h�ve app arently developed out of o. common quest for recre ation and f un during leisure hours. In three-fourths of such cases, the teen-ago young people arc Nisei, their po.rents are Iss0i. - 2 - • The majority of Chicago's res�t�lers show less and less dependenc� upon exclusively Japanese agencies or organizations and more independence of action in using regular community resources. This is true of the Nisei, who constitute well over half the resettler population. As a matter of policy, the Chicago Resettlers Committee has encouraged the Nisei to be more independent of exclusively Japanese agencies. Of the estimated 7 1 000 Issei, however, there still remeA almost total dependence upon Japanese-American comnunity resources. Vir�y 99 per cent of the Chicago Issei at some time or another depend upon groups such as the Resettlers Committee as an agency of last resort, and more frequently as an agency of first resort for assistance in matter involving their social and economic welfare. The problem of the old-age support for a growing number o.J: Issei single men, without relatives or friends upon whom they may depend fcir� support, is one that continues to immediately confront the resettler sense of social res ponsibility. In a larger sense. it is a proelem that is being shouldered by the Chicago community at large, but in its essense it still remains one in which resettler groups are most immediately concerned. The indicence of crime and delinquency among resettlers seems to have arrived at a ?lateau in 1947 after a steady upward climb since 1943. Individual cases and problems still oross the police d0sks and add to the police blotters. There were still reminders of the evidence pre sented in the 1946 report--of the "prevalence of gambling, apparent disregard for social conven tions ••• babies born out of wedlock ••• and re quests for abortions." They a.re a part of the whole general problem of crime and delinquency faced by the city of Chicago, but accentuated by the prQblems a.rising out of their wartime experiences as an unwanted minority. .•, On the positive side of th� resettlement ledger for 1947ffre thousands of indlvidual testimonials to the progr'ess ma.de by individuals in their every day associations with fellow workers, friends, and neighbors. The climate for relatively unprejudiced acceptance of resettlers by white Chicagoans continues, on the whole, to be friendly and fair. The process sometimes referred to as "inte gration 11 has proceeded with notable gains affecting a substan tial minority among the resettler popuiation. - 3 - Evidence of tho outward moving direction of rosottler adjustment--away from the strongly centralized and tightly-knit Japan0se American communities of the west coast--muy be found in the relutive indifference to the familiar institutions of the lightly-knit community. Unlike returnees to Los Angeles, rcsottlors here arc divided about the need for a strong and influential Japanese-American newspaper. In Los Angeles, the need for such an organ is unquest�:onod. It is taken for gro.nt0d. And tho 27,000 returnees there are today supporting three full-size newspapers, two of thom established dailies. Combined circulation of th0s0 newspapers runs considerably in excess of 12,900. By contrast in Chicago, 20,000 resettlors do not uccord tho unanimity of support thut re turnees to Los Angelos do. The Chicago Shimpo, a bi-weekly, circulates among 1,100 subscribers. Like the Japaneso-Amoricun community agencies, it urges tho outward mov0mont of the Nisei int o on going Chicago activities. Tho Los Angeles vernacular nowspapJrs, by contrast, sock to perpetuate tho solidarity of tho rucial commu nity which they servo. HOW PROBLEMS WERE TR.EA.TED IN 1947 Tho continuing services of tho rolocfation agencies in ussisting ro settlors secure better housing, employment, access to oducution and other public fo.cilitios, and aid in social welfare cusos wore rendered during 1947 by the Chicago Rosottlers Committee much on tho same basis us during tho preceding year. Tho p0rformunco of these services afforded o.n opportunity to measure tho extent of resettlor neods as well as the extent to which these needs were being mot. A successful frontal o.sso.ult upon the over-nll community need for u citywide social-recreational program for both Issei and Nisei wo.s ma.do during the yenr. To undertake the job of directing this two-fold program, the Chico.go Resettlers Committee was able to persuade two outstanding men, with back grounds of successful experience in the problem. to come to Chico.go. The task of setting up a going progro.m for the Nisei fell to Abe Hngiwo.ra., who co.me to Chicago directly from Cleveland where he ho.d served on the staff of the Boys' section of tho Cleveland Y.M.C.A. A graduate of tho University of �\fushington, Mr. Hngiwuro. has had extensive and success ful experience in working with young po-ople of various backgrounds. - 4 - The responsibil ity for coordinating Issei social-recreational programs has mor0 rocently been assumed b�r Jack Yasutake, M.A. from Stanford University and for many years before war an interpreter with the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service at Soattlo. Mr. Yc.sutake was persuaded to come here from Cincinnati to organize an Issei program on a comparable citywide basis. The outreach of both theso men in their respective fiolds has followed certain parallel procedures. They have organized groups, meetings, and other social activities in neurly every area of rosettlor residence. They have enlisted the active participation of individuals throughout the community in giving their time and services to tho aid of both young people's and older people's groups. In their ultimo.to objectives, however, they have differed. With the Issoi, tho aim is to develop a healthy sonso ot group solidarity. In view of tho average ago of tho group and its background, this has boon found not only to be necessary but also desirable. With tho Nisei, however, tho 11 ul tim,.,te goal is for tho Japanese American to become participating members of tho Chicago citizenry. 11 Where group solida.rity is not compa.tible with this goa.1, it is not being oncourtLged. A major technique in accomplishing this goal is tho decentralization of social-recreational uctivitics on a citywide basis. This is in marked contrast to the centralizing of suc h activities in tho Little Tokyo communi ties of tho west coast. Wherever possible und feasible, the Chico.go Rosottlcrs Committee program hus gone out into the neighborhoods where resottlers live and worked with them there. Thero has been a conscious effort to avoid cen tering such activities in uny one purt of �he c ity. This has been the policy followed in order to avoid the establishmant of permanent, long-range activi ties on a rncial basis. To achieve support for these programs, tho Chicago Rescttlcrs Committee has worked during 1947 with all tho represcntctive organizations among the Japanese American population. There hus been much coordination of activity through the Chicago Japanese American Council.
Original Format
Select...
paper
Collection
Remove filter...
UIC-JASC papers
